5S6 G L a 
GIUST INI A'NI ('T^uguftin), a learned ecclefiaftic and 
hiftorian, born of a noble family at Genoa, in 1470. He 
entered into the order of preachers at Pavia in 1488, on 
which occafion he changed his baptifmal name of Peter 
for Auguftin. In 1514 he was made bifliop of Nebbio 
in Corfica. He was editor in 1516 of the Pl'alter in four 
languages, the Hebrew, Greek, Arabic, and Chaldee, 
with three Latin interpretations and glolles; v/hicii was 
the firll of the Polyglott editions of the books of Scrip¬ 
ture. The reputation he acquired by this work caufed 
him to be invited to Paris by Francis I. who gave him 
a penfion, and appointed him to the firfi: profeUbrfhip ot 
oriental languages in that univerfity, which office he 
held five years. He collected a choice library, rich in 
Oriental, Greek, and Latin, manufcripts, which he af¬ 
terwards prefented to the republic of Genoa. After 
leaving France, he went to his diocefe, and employed 
himfelf for fome years in pafloral cares, improving its 
revenue, building an epifcopal palace, and performing 
all the duties of a good paflor. On pafling the fea to his 
bifhopric in 1536, he was lofl with the fliip. He revifed 
and edited the treatife of Porchetti, entitled ViSloria ad- 
verfvs impios Jfudaos. After his death were publidied his 
Annals of tlie Republic of Genoa, from the foundation 
of the city to the year 1528. 
GIUSTINIA'NI (Bernard), a Venetian nobleman, 
born in 1408. He was educated under the mod learned 
perfons of his time,, and obtained great reputation for 
his eloquence. The republic employed him on feveral 
honoura.ble occafions. in 1451 he was appointed to re¬ 
ceive the emperor Frederic 111 . on his pafling through 
the Venetian territory. He afterwards was lent on em- 
baflies to Ferdinand king of Naples, to feveral of the 
popes, and to I.ouis XI. of France, who honoured .him 
with kpighthood. In 1467 he was made commandant of 
Padua, and in the progrefs of civic honours he was made 
counfellor, favio-grande, and procurator of St. Mark. 
He died in 1489. He was the author of a number of 
Orations upon public occafions; the Life of his uncle 
Lorenzo Giulliniani; three pieces on the Life, the Tranf- 
lation, and rhe Appearance, of St. Mark; a verfion of 
the Book of flocrates to Nicocles; fome Latin Letters 
ot I'iis father Leonardo ; and the Ancient Hiflory of Ve¬ 
nice, in fifteen books, from its foundation to the year 
809, written in Latin. This has been feveral times 
printed, and has been tranflated into Italian by Lodov. 
Domenichii: it is accounted a valuable performance, tlie 
authorities of which are derived from the bed fources, 
rejedfing the fables adopted by fome other writers. 
GI'ZEFI, a town of Egypt, fituated on the w'eftern 
bank of the Nile, nearly oppofite the city of Cairo, and 
is erecled on part of the feite of the ancient and memo¬ 
rable city of Memphis, near the pyramids. See the ar¬ 
ticle Egypt, vol. vi. p. 362. 
GIZIGINSKA'IA, a gulf on tlie north-weft extre¬ 
mity ot the Peninfkoi Sea, extending about fifty miles 
in length, and fixteen in breadth. Lat. 67. to d,8. N. 
Ion. 178. E. Ferro. 
GIZ'ZARD, f. \_goJier,¥r. gigeria, The ftrong 
mufculous ftomach of a fowl.-—In birds there is no maf. 
tication in the mouth : but it is immediately fwallowed 
into the crop, where it is moiftened by fome proper 
juice, and thence transferred into the gizzard, or mul- 
ciilous ftomach. Ray. 
They neftle near the throne. 
By tlieir high crops and corny gizzards known. Drydcn. 
It is proverbially ufed for apprehenfion, or conception 
of mind : as, \\>t frets his gizzard, he haraffes his imagi¬ 
nation. 
GBABEL'LA, A- [from Lat. fmooth, becaufe 
It IS without hair.] The fpace between the eye-brows ; 
the fmoothnefs ana clearnefs of which conftitute great 
beauty in females. 
GLA'BER (Rodolph), a benediftine monk of Cluni, 
G L A 
who flouriflied in the eleventh century. He was conver. 
fant witli the learning of that dark period, and has per¬ 
petuated his name by a Chronicle or Hiftory of France, 
written in Latin. It confifts of five books, of which the 
firft relates to the events of the monarchy previous to 
the eleiflion of Hugh Capet, and the four I'ubfequent 
ones to thofe following it, to the year 1046. This work 
is valuable for the information it contains relative to 
thofe remote ages. It has been printed in the hiftorical 
colle6fions of Pithou and Duchefne. Glaber alfo w'lote 
a Life of William abbot of St. Benignus at Dijon. 
GLA'BRITy, A [from Lat.] Smoothnefs ; 
baldnefs. 
GLA'CIAL, adj. \_glacial, Fr. glacialis, Lat.] Icy; 
made of ice ; frozen. 
To GLA'CIATE, v.n. \_glades, Lat. glacer, Fr.] To 
turn into ice. 
GLACIA'TION, J. The a6l of turningjnto ice ; ice 
formed.—Ice is plain upon the furface of water, but 
round in hail, which is alfo a glaciation, and figured in 
its guttulous defeent from the air. Brown. 
GLACl'ER, A [from glades, Lat. ice, or gladere, Fr. 
an ice-houfe.] A rock or mountain covered with ice. 
Hence the term glaciers has been applied by modern 
philofophers to thole immenfe ridges and pinnacles of 
ice wliich majeftically crown and everlaftingly diftin- 
guifh the Swifs and Tyrolean alps of Europe, the Andes 
or Cordeleras of America, the frozen coaft of Spitzber- 
gen, and the Thibet mountains of Afia. The glaciers 
of Swilferland may be divided into two claftes, one oc- 
cuping the deep valleys fituated in the bol'om of the 
Alps, and diftinguiflied by the name of Ice-valleys-, the 
others are thofe which clothe the ledges and lides of the 
mountains. Thefe two kinds have been diftinguiftred by 
our philofophic countryman Mr. Coxe, into the upper 
and lower glaciers. The lower glaciers are by far the 
moft confiderable; fome of them extending many leagues 
in length. They do not communicate with each other, 
as has been fuppofed, few of them being parallel to the 
central chain ; but, ftretching moftly in a tranfverfe di- 
redfion, are bordered at the higher extremity by inac- 
cellible rocks, and at the lower extending into the cul¬ 
tivated valleys. The thicknefs of the ice varies in dif¬ 
ferent parts. In the glacier des Bois, which extends 
more than fifteen miles in length, and ujawards of three 
in breadth, M. Saufture found it generally from eighty 
to one hundred feet; but he was credibly informed that 
in fome places it was not Icfs than fix hundred feet, and 
even more. Thefe vaft malTes of ice ufually reft on an 
inclined plane ; where, being puftied forward by their 
own weight, and but weakly fupported by the rugged 
rocks beneath them, they are interfecfed by large cre¬ 
vices, and have an appearance of walls, pyramids, &c. 
according to the pofition of the eye in viewing them. 
The glacier des Bois is thus deferibed by Air. Coxe :— 
“ Having advanced about a quarter of a mile, w e were 
fuddenly alarmed by the noife of a vaft fragment of icy 
rock which had detached itfelf from one of the highelt 
needles, and bounded from one’precipice to another with 
great rapidity till it reached the plain below, where it Avas 
almoft reduced to duft. Nature now leemed clad in all 
her terrors. Before us was a valley of ice tAventy miles 
in extent, bounded by a circular glacier of pure unbroken 
fnow, named Takul, which leads to the foot of Mont 
Blanc, and is lurrounded by large conical rocks, termi¬ 
nating in iharp points like the tow'ers of an ancient for¬ 
tification ; to the right rofe a range of magnificent peaks, 
their intervals filled with glaciers; and far above the 
reft, the magnificent fummit of Alont Blanc, his higheft 
point obfeured Avith clouds. He appeared ot tuch im¬ 
menfe magnitude, that, at his prefence, the circumjacent 
mountains, however gigantic, feemed to ftinnk before 
him, and hide their diminfied heads.” 
The upper glaciers may be fubdivided into thofe which 
cover the fummits, and thofe which extend along the 
3 fidesj 
