Gsi G M E 
■vvork was tlie refult of Gmelin’s travels through Sibe¬ 
ria, and is arranged according to the method of Van 
Royen. In a preface, tlie author gives a fhort account 
ot the natural hiftory of Siberia, and determines the 
boundaries between Jiurope and Alia, which have been 
adopted by all the celebrated geographers fmce that 
time. He then gives a (ketch of his travels, which are 
delcribed at length in tlie following work ; Reife durch 
Sibinen, See. Travels through Siberia between the 
Years 1733 and 1743; Getting. 1751, 1752, four parts, 
8yo. with plates. This journal contains a great va¬ 
riety ot new and inlerefting fafts, as the author not 
only relates, with great modefty, the vicifiitudes and 
dangers to which he and his fellow-travellers were ex- 
pofed in thefe northern countries, but deferibes, with 
the utmolt care and attention to truth, the phyfical and 
geographical nature of the diftricts through which he 
palfed, the charadfer and cuftoms of the inhabitants, 
the mines, curious animals, and various other things 
vvliich were before unknown. 
GME'LIN (Samuel Gutlieb), fon of Philip Frederic 
Gmelin, born in 1743 at Tubingen, where he ftudied, 
and in 1763 obtained the degree of doftor of medicine. 
His thefis when a candidate for this honour, De Analep- 
ticis quibufdam nobilioribus e Cinamomo Anifo Jldlato & AJfa 
Fatida, made him known as an early genius ; and during 
bis travels through France and Holland he diftinguifhed 
himlelf fo much by .his knowledge ef natural hillory, 
that he was appointed to be profelfor in the academy of 
fciences at Peterlburgh. In 1767, when the emprefs of 
Rulfia, in confequence of the expected tranfit of Venus 
over the fun’s difk, was defirous of fending learned men 
to explore different provinces of her extenfive empire, 
Gmelin and proteffor Guldenlfadt were appointed to 
travel through the province of Allracan. Gmelin fet 
out in the month of June, 1768, explored in 1769 the 
weftern fide of the Don, and fpent the following winter 
at Aftracan. In 1770 and 1771 he travelled through 
the Perfian provinces on the fouth and fouth-wed fide 
ot the Calpian Sea, and in 1772 returned to Aftracan ; 
after which he examined the banks of the Wolga, and 
in 1773 eaftern fide of the Cafpian Sea, fo dangerous 
to travellers. He was then recalled to Ruffia, and had 
arrived within three days’ journey of Kiflar, a fortrefs 
on the Ruliian borders, when he was feized by the chan 
of the Chaitaks, who treated him with great barbarity, 
robbed him of all his property, and detained him a pri- 
foner for fix months. At this time Gmelin was in a 
bad date of health ; and vexation, the etfefts of the 
climate, and improper food, brought on a fevere indif- 
pofition. To add to his misfortune, the chan inter¬ 
cepted the provifions fent to him from Killar, and would 
not fuft'er him to receive them. As the chan required 
thirty tlioufand roubles for his ranfbm, the emprefs 
gave orders to refeue him by force ; but the rebellion 
which at that time had been excited by Pugatchef ren¬ 
dered this plan impoliible. He died in confinement on 
the 27th of July, 1774. Thefavage prince, having now 
loft ail hopes of a ranfom, gave up the body that it 
might be buried. The death of this eminent naturalift 
was much regretted by Catharine, who made a liberal 
provifion for his widow. Gmelin was a great friend to 
botany, as well as to natural hiftory in general, and fell 
a lacrifice to his zeal for enlarging the knowledge of 
thefe Iciences. His wofks are ; i. Hijloria Fucorum, Pe- 
tfop. 1768, 4to. 2. Reijfen durch Rujsland, Sec. or, Travels 
through Riillia, for the Purpofe of exploring 
the Three Kingdoms of Nature, in Four Parts; of vvhich 
the lalt was edited after the author’s death by profelfor 
Pallas, in 1786. 'J'he whole was printed at Peterlburgh, 
in 4to. with 140 plates. 
John Frederic Gmelin, brotherof the preceding, 
and diftinguilhed by the epithet of the Younger Gmelin, 
born at Tubingen in 1748. He was the author of feve- 
ral performances on vegetable phyfiology, and the claffi- 
G N A 
fication of plants, and likewife publiftied numerous 
works on the materia medica and chemiftry, mineralogy, 
and every part of natural hiftory. Fie was one of the 
moft laborious and learned profeffors of the univerfity 
of Gottingen. Of his numerous works, the moft cele. 
brious is his edition of the Syjfema Natura of Linnaeus, 
in 7 vols. or parts, 8vo. Lipfiai, 1791. J. Fred. Gmelin 
was al(o the author of a Hiftory of Chemiftry, forming 
a part of the Hiftory of Arts and Sciences, undertjiken 
by the profelTors of Gottingen. The world is indebted 
to him for the difeovery of feveral excellent dyes, ex- 
tradled from vegetable and mineral fubftances. As a 
man, he poftTefled unimpeachable integrity; he was 
mild, modeft, and laborious ; a good hulband, an ex¬ 
cellent father, and a faithful friend. He died at Got¬ 
tingen in 1805. 
GMELl'N A, f. [from J. G. Gmelin, noticed above.] 
In botany, a genus of the clafs didynamia, order angio- 
fpermia, natural order perfonatae, (vitices, JuJf.) The 
generic characters are—Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, 
veryfmall, fubglobular, four-toothed, permanent. Co¬ 
rolla : one-petalled, bell-ftiaped, patulous ; the border 
four-cleft; the upper fegmenl wider and vaulted ; the 
lower and lateral fegments obtufe, fmaller, fpreading, 
rounded. Stamina : filaments four, two of which are 
thicker, and two bowed in and afeending ; antheras, two 
thicker, parted ; two fmaller, (imple. Piftillum ; germ 
roundilh ; ftyle the length of the fmaller ftamens ; 
ftigma (imple. Pericarpium : drupe ovate, one-celled. 
Seed : nut ovate, fmooth and even, two-celled ; (three- 
celled, with the lowed: cell barren. Gcertner .)— EJfential 
CharaSter. Calyx, (lightly four-toothed ; corolla, four- 
cleft, bell-ftiaped; antheras, two-parted, two (imple; 
drupe, with a two or three celled nut. 
Ginelina Afiatica, a (ingle fpecies. It is a tree, with 
round, ftiff, upright, branches ; leaves oppofite, pe- 
tioled, ovate, tomentofe underneath, having frequently 
a ftiorter (harp lobe on each fide ; fpines axillary, op- 
polite, horizontal, pubefeent at the tip, the length of 
the petioles; flowers from the end of the tender twigs, 
on peduncles ; the fruit is a berried drupe, the fize of 
Jujubes, black and fmooth ; the ftiell bony, thick at 
the top, with tw'o fmall lateral lobes ; remarkably acu¬ 
minate at the bottom. In each of the two upper cells 
is a Angle feed, thickifti, convex on one fide, and flattifti 
on the other; whitilli or pale ftraw-colour, with a fmall 
umbilical caruncle below the top : there is no albumen 
or white, but tlie embryo is of the fame form with the 
feed ; the cotyledons, or feed-lobes, are elliptic, fleftiy, 
and thickilh. 
GNA'A, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria: 
twenty-four miles fouth-eaft of Gratz, and eighty fouth 
of Vienna. 
GNA'DENHUETTEN, or Gnadenhutten, a fet- 
tlement of the Moravians, or United Bretliren of North 
America, (ituated on IVIu(kingum river, oppofite to Sa¬ 
lem, in the lands v/hich belonged to the IVLahikan In¬ 
dians. In 1746 it was a pleafant town inhabited by 
Chriftian Indians, where w’ere a chapel, miiiionary’s 
houfe, and many Indian houfes. I'his, together with 
Schoenbrun and Salem, were referved by congrefs, by 
an ordinance, May 20, 1785, for the Chriftian Indians 
tormerly fettled there. On Sept. 3, 1788, it was re- 
folved that the plat of each town fiiould make up four 
thouland acres, and the grant was made to the United 
Moravians for propagating the gofpel among the hea¬ 
then.—Alfo the name of a Moravian fettlement on tlie 
fouth-welt bank of Lehigli river, in Pennfylvania, 
twenty-nine miles north-weft of Bethlehem. 
GNA'DENHUETTEN (New), a Moravian fettle¬ 
ment on Huron river, which runs fouth-eafterly into 
Lake St. Clair, in the north-weftern territory : twenty- 
two miles from Lake St. Clair, and twenty-eight north- 
weft of Detroit. 
GNAPHA'LIUM,/. [from Gx. cotton or 
nap.] 
