G O N 
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GONIO'MI^TRY, a method of meafuring angles, To 
named by M. de Lagny, who publifhed fevei'al papers, 
on this method, in tlie Memoirs of the Royal Academy 
for 1724, 1725, 1729. The method confids in meafur- 
ing the angles wixh a pair of compaflTes, and that witli- 
outany fcale whatever, except an undivided feiiiicircle. 
Tints, having any angle drawn upon paper, to be mea- 
fured ; produce one of the Tides of the angle backwards 
behind the angular point ; then with a pair of fine com- 
pafies defcribe a pretty large femicircle from the angular 
point as ;i centre, cutting the Tides of the propoTed an¬ 
gle, v/hich will intercept a part of the femicircle. Take 
then this intercepted part very exadtly between the 
points of the compalTes, and turn them fucceflively over 
upon the arc of the femicircle, to find how often it is 
contained in it, after which there is commonly Tome re¬ 
mainder : then take this remainder in the compaffes, and 
in like manner find how often it is contained in the lall 
of the integral parts of the fird arc, with again Tome re¬ 
mainder: find in like manner how often this laft remain¬ 
der is contained in the former; and To on continually, 
till the remainder become too fmall to be taken and ap¬ 
plied as a meafure. By this means M. de Lagny obtain¬ 
ed a feries of quotients, or fradtional parts, one of ano¬ 
ther, which being properly reduced into one fradfion, 
give the ra*io of the firft arc to the femicircle, or of the 
propoTed angle to two right angles, or 180 degrees, and 
coni'equently that angle itfclf in degrees, and minutes. 
Thus, i'uppofe the angle BAG be propoTed to be 
meafured. Produce BA out towards y) and from the 
centre A de¬ 
fcribe the Temi- 
circle a/'c/', in 
w'hich ab is the 
meafure of the 
propoTed angle. 
Take ab in the 
compalTes, and 
apply it 4 times 
on the femicircle, as at b, c, d, and e; then take the re¬ 
mainder fe, and apply it back upon ed, which is but once, 
viz. at g; again take the remainder gd, and apply it 5 
times on ge, as at h, i, k, I, and m ; lallly, take the re¬ 
mainder me, and it is contained juft 2 tim£S in ml. Hence 
the feries of quotients is 4, i, 5, 2 ; confequenily the 4th 
or laft arc em is i the third ini 01: gd, and therefore the 3d 
arc gd is —r or ^ of the 2d ar* ef ; and therefore again 
Si 
this 2d arc f/'is —or-Ji of the i ft arc ab-, and confe- 
quently this 1 ft arc ab is-or J-l of the whole femicir- 
cle ay. But of 180° are 37 1 degrees, or 37° 8' 34" I-, 
which therefore is the meafure of the angle fought. 
See Geometry of the Compass, p. 443 of this vo- 
Jume. 
GONI'UM, f. lyoin, Gr. To named from its refem- 
blance to femen or feed.] In helmintology, a genus of 
worms belonging to the order of infuforia ; the charac¬ 
ters of which are: body very fimple, flat, angular and 
invifible to the naked eye. There are five fpecies, viz. 
1. Gonium peftorale : quadrangular, pellucid, with 
fixteen fphasrical molecules, nearly equal io fize, of a 
greenifti colour, and fet in a quadrangular membrane 
like jewels, reflefling light on both Tides. Its animality 
is evinced by its fpontaneous motion, advancing alter¬ 
nately towards the right and left ; thefe little bodies 
feem oval when in motion, and round when at reft. It 
is found jn pure water.—This fpecies is corredtly repre- 
Tented in the engraving at fig. 5, as it appears under a 
powerful magnifier. 
2. Gonium pulvinatum: body opake, with four cy¬ 
lindrical protuberances. This appears like a little qua- 
drangular membrane, plain on both Tides; but with a 
large magnifier it looks like a bolder, formed of three 
or four c'y'lindric pillows, ilattened or i'unk here and 
fliere. Thus it appeared to Miillcr on his firft exami- 
n 'tion ; Tome days af'er all the Tides were plain, witli- 
out any convexity, and divided into little fquafe fpaces 
by lines crofting e.' ch other. It is found upon dunghills. 
3. Gonium polyfphaericum : body orbicular, pellu¬ 
cid, with innumerafde fpha&rica! molecules connetited 
in a membrane. It is foun'd in ftagnant water, and is of 
a greenifh-yellow colour, 
4. Gonium reftangulum : body rectangular, the 
hind-part a little arched. It forms a right angle at the 
bafe ; and the larger veficle is tranfparcnt, the reft 
green. 
5. Gonium truncatum : body compofed of obtufe 
angles, the hind-part arched. This is larger than the 
preceding; but its motion appears more languid; the 
fore-part confifts of a ftraiglit line, with which the Tides 
form obtufe angles, the ends of tire fides being united 
by a curved line ; the internal molecules are of a dark 
green, with two little bright veficles in the middle. It 
is found in pure water. 
GON'KEER, a town of Chinefe Tartary, Lat.44. 
JO. N. Ion. 135. 37. E. I'erro. 
GONKO'FEN, or Gaxkofen, a town of Germany, 
in the circle of Lower Bavaria : ten miles fouth of Din- 
glefingcn, and fourteen eaft of Landihut. 
GON'NESSE, a town of France, and principal place 
of a diftridf in the department of the Seine and Oife : 
tliree leagues north of Paris, 
GONNFIVIL'LE, a town of France, in tire depart¬ 
ment of the Lower Seine, and chief place of a canton, 
in the diftridl of Alontivilliers : two leagues north of 
Montivilliers. 
GON'NI, or Goxocond'ylos, in ancient geogra¬ 
phy, a town of Theftaly at the entrance into Tempe. Lizy, 
GON'NORD, or Gonnort, a town of France, in 
the department of the Mayne and Loire, and chief place 
of a canton, in the diftriifl of Vihiers : one league and a 
half north-north-weft of Vihiers, and five fouth of Angers. 
GO'NON-BESAR, a mountain on the eaftern fide of 
the illaiid of Java ; celebrated for the quantity of pep¬ 
per gathered from the trees which grow on it. 
GONOES'SA, a town of Troas. Seneca. 
GONORRHCE'A,_/i [■yom^^oia, from yoinj) the feed, and 
^£(1) to flow.] An involuntary difeharge of the leminal 
fluid. This word is improperly applied to the difeharge 
of a whitifli fluid from the urethra in confequence of a 
venereal taint. 
GONS, a town of Hungary : twenty-two miles foutli- 
foutii-weft of Zatmar. 
GON'TANT, or Gontaut, a town of France, in 
the department of the Lot and Garonne, and chief place 
of a canton, in the diftridf of Tonneins : one league and 
a quarter north of Tonneins, and two eaft-fouth-eaft of 
Marmande. 
GONUS'SA, in ancient geography, a town of Sicyon, 
Paufanias. 
GONYAL'GIA, y. [from yom, the knee, and 
Gr. pain.] The gout in the knee. 
GONZA'GA, a town ofltaly, in the duchy'of Man¬ 
tua: fixteen miles fouth of Mantua. 
GONZA'GA (Lucretia), an illuftrious lady of the 
i6th century, celebrated for lier wit, learning, and deli¬ 
cate ftyle of writing. Hortenfio Lando wrote a beauti¬ 
ful panegyric upon her, and dedicated to her his dia¬ 
logue of moderating the palfions. Her beautiful letters 
have been collefted and publiihed with the greateft care. 
Her hufband John Paul Manfrone, was engaged in a con- 
fpiracy againft the duke of Ferrara ; but though con¬ 
demned by the judges, he was not put to death.' She 
did all in her power to obtain his enlargement; but he 
died in prifon. She never would liften afterwards to any 
propofals of marriage, though feveral were made to her. 
All that came from her pen was much efteemed. 
GONZA'GA 
