G R A 
>sacl never before been attained, but invented feveral 
agronomical inllniments, by which confiderjble ad¬ 
vances have been made in that feience. Tlie great mu¬ 
ral arch in the obfervatory at Greenwich was made for 
Dr. Halley under Mr. Giaham’s immediate infpeftion, 
and divided by his on n hand : and from this incompa¬ 
rable original, the b-(l foreign infirumeiUs of (he kind 
are copies made by Englifh artids. Tl;e feftor by vvhit !i 
Dr. Bradley firfh ditcovered tno new motions in the 
fixed liars, was of his invention and fabric. He con> 
prifed the whole planetary fyftem witlun the compafs 
of a fmall cabinet ; from which, as a model, all the 
modern orreries have been conftrndled. And wlien tiie 
French aeademici.ms were fent to the north to make 
o’-fervations for afcertainiiig tlie figure of the earth, 
Mr. Graham was thought the fitted perfon in Europe 
to fiipply them with inftriunents ; by which means they 
iinilhed their operations in one year; while thofe who 
went to the. foiith, not being fo well fnrninted, were 
very much embarrafled and retarded in their operations. 
Mr. Graham was many years a member of tlte royal fo- 
ciety, to which he communicated feveral ingenious and 
important difeoveries, viz. from the 31(1 to tlie ^zd vo¬ 
lume of the Philof. Tranfaftions, chiefly on adronomi- 
cal and philofophical fnbjeiSfs ; particularly a kind of 
horary al'eration of the magnetic needle, a qiiickfilver 
pendulum, and many curious particulars relating to the 
true length of the fimple pendulum, upon which he 
continued to make experiments till aimed the year of 
his dcatii, which hapjtened in 1751, at feventy-fix years 
of age. His difpofltion was not lefs communicative 
than his genius was penetrating ; and liis principal view 
was the advancement of fcience, and the benefit of 
mankind. 
GRA'HAM’s DYKE. See Antoninus’s Wall, 
Tol. i. p. 781. 
GRA'HAM’s MOOR, a place ot Scotland, in the 
county of Stirling, where the brave fir William Wallace 
fought his way through the Englifli army, in the year 
1298 : tliree miles fouth-ead of Falkirk. 
GRAIL, f. [.grele, Fr. hail.] Small particles of any 
kind : 
Hereof this gentle knight unvveeting was, 
And lying down upon the fandy grails, 
Drank of the dream as clear as crydal glafs. Spenfer. 
GRAIN, f. \_graine, Fr. granum, Lat. gram, Ital.] 
A fingle feed of corn : 
Look into the feeds of time, 
And fay which grain will grow, and which will not. 
Skakefpeare. 
Corn.—^^Tis a rich foil, I grant you ; but oftener co¬ 
vered with weeds than grain. Collier. —The feed of any 
fruit. Any minute particle ; any tingle body; 
Thou exid’d on many thoufand grams 
That ifliie out of dud. Skakefpeare. 
The fmalled weight, of which in phyfic twenty make a 
fcruple, and in 1 roy weight twenty-four make a penny- 
weight; fo named becaufe it is fuppoted of equal 
weight with a grain of corn.—Unity is a precious dia¬ 
mond, whofe grains, as they double, twice double in 
their value. Holyday. 
His brain 
Outweigh’d his rage but half a grain. Hudibras. 
Any thing proverbially fmall.—For the wliole world 
before thee is as a little grain of the balance. IViJd. xi. 
22.—The ungrateful perfon lives to hinifelf, and iubfids 
by tlie goodnature of others, of which he himfelf has 
not the leal! grain. South. —The direiltion of the fibres 
of wood, or other fibrous matter : 
Knots, by the conflux of meeting fap, 
]nfe6t the found pine, and divert his grain 
'I'ortive and errant froin his courfe of growth. Shakfp, 
VoL. VIII. No. 542. 
G R A ^Cn 
The body of the wood as modified by the fibres: 
Tlie beech, the fwimming aider, and the plane, 
Hard box, and linden of a foftcr grain. Dryden, 
The body confidered with refpcN to the form or direc¬ 
tion ot tlie conftltuent partic les.—The tooth of a fea- 
horfe, iti 'he midfl: of the folider piarts, contains a cur¬ 
dled grain not to be found in ivory. Brown. —Died or 
ft.iined lubflance : 
How the red rofes flufh up in her cheeks, 
And the pure fnow with goodly vermil ftain, 
Like crimfon dy’d in grain. ^ Spenfr. 
The name of grain colour given to fcarlets, crim- 
fons, and purples, from the kermes hcriies, which were 
iifed tor thefe purpofes before cochineal was known. 
Bailey —Temper; ditpofition; inclination; humour, 
from the direction of fibres : 
Your minds, pre-occupied with what 
You rather mufl: do than with what you fliould do, 
Made you againft the grain to voice him conful. Skakefp. 
The heart; the bottom.—The one being traffablc and 
mild, the other fliff and impatient of a fuperior, they 
lived but in cunning concord, as brothers glued toge¬ 
ther, but not united in grain. Hayward. —The form of 
tlie furface with regard fo roughnets and fmoothnefs.— 
Polifli is no otherwife than by breaking the toiiglinefs 
to a very fine grain, fo that the fcratciies and fretting'? 
of the furface become too fmall to be vitible. Newton. 
Grain of Allowance. Something indulged or remit¬ 
ted ; fomething above or under the exa6l weight.—He, 
whofe very betl aftions nuift be feen with grains if aU 
lowance, cannot be too mild, moderate, and forgiving. 
Addijon. 
GRAIN, or Grin (John-Baptift le), a French hiflo- 
rian, born at Paris in 1565. He was educated with care, 
and in his youth attended on the court, where he at. 
tached himfelf to the fervice of Henry IV. That 
prince, on the efrablifnmeiit of the houfliold of Mary 
de Medicis, appointed Le Grain to the office of her 
counfeilor and mafter of requeftsin ordinary. His prin- 
cipa! employment, however, was in writing, and in at¬ 
tending, to the education of his children. It was on 
their account that he drew up memoirs relative to the 
hiftory of France, which remained inmanufeript till his 
relation, the chancellor De Sillery, perfuaded him to 
publifli a part of them. His firfl publication, vvhich he 
printed in Jiis own houfe, was entitled. Decade contenar.i 
PHifioiie de Henri le Grand Roi de France & Navarre, IV. du 
Nom, folio, 1614, in ten books: it comprilcs the period 
from the peace of Canibray in 1559, to the king’s death 
in 1610. This was written with a fieedom vvhich 
pleafed the young king Lo’uis XI ll. to whom it was 
pircfented ; and by his order he publilhed a fecond de¬ 
cade in 1618, giving the hiftory of that king’s reign 
from 1610 to 1617. The honefty of his narration ai^d 
candour of his ientiments, raifed a fiorni againfl: his 
work, and feveral attempts were made to procure a cen- 
fure upon it from the Sorbonne, but wiiliout fuccefs ; 
that body declaring that they found nothing in it de- 
ferving of cenfure. The treatment he met with dif- 
gufted him with the court, and he fpent his latter years 
in retirement on iris efiate of Montgeron, where lie died 
in 1642. In liis will he enjoined iiis delcendants never 
to entruft the cd’ucation of their cliildren to tlie Jefiiits. 
GRAIN COAST, or Malaguetta, or Petpek 
Coast, a country of Guinea, bounded by the Sierra 
Leona fountiy, which lies to the weft, and tlie Ivory 
Coall on tlie fouth-eaft, extending along the Atlants*. 
Ocean about one hundred leagues. The climate is faid 
to be unwholcfomc, efpecially to Europeans. 1 he pro- 
du6tions are peale, beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, and 
.a kind of nut, with an exceedingly thick fliell, a incft 
delicious fruit, for which ngither Europeans nor natives 
9 H . appear 
