G R A 
GRAPHOl'D'^ S, f. In anatomy, the procefs of the 
fcull bone, near tht bafis of the brain, fhaped like the 
ftyle of the ancients. 
GRAPHOM'ETER, A [from to write, and 
tomeafure.] A mathematical inftriiment, ufed 
in takin<r heights and didances. 
GRAP'NEL,/. \_grapin,'?r.'] A fmall anchor belong¬ 
ing to a litHe veffel. A grappling-iron with which in 
fight one Ihip faftens to another. 
To GRAP'PLE, v.n. {^•graljbel.en^ Dutch; krappdn, 
German.] To contend by feizing each other, as wreft- 
lers. Does he think that he can grapple with divine 
vengeance, and endure the everlafting burnings ? South. 
Living virtue, all atchievements pad, 
Meets envy, dill to grapple with-At lad. Waller. 
To conted in clofe fight ; 
Sometimes, from fighting fqiiadrons of each fleet, 
Two grappling .iLtnas on the ocean meet. 
And Engiidi fires v.’Ith Belgian flames contend. Dryden, 
To GRAP'PLE, v.a. To faden; to fix ; to join in- 
diirolubly. Obfolete : . 
Grapple your minds to dernage of the navy. 
And leave your England as dead midnight dill. Shakef. 
To feize; to lay fad hold of.—For hippagines, vedels 
for the tranfporting of horfe, we are indebted to the Sa- 
iaminians ; for grappling hooks, to Anacharfis. Heylyn. 
GRAP'PLE, A- Conted hand to hand, in which the 
combatants feize each other ; the wredlers’ hold ; 
As when Earth’s fon, Antaeus, drove 
With Jove’s Alcides, and, oft foil’d, dill rofe 
Fredi from his fall, and fiercer join’d, 
Throttled at length in th’ air, expir’d and fell. Milton. 
Clofe fight.—In the grapple I boarded them; on the in- 
dant they got clear of our diip ; fo I alone became their 
prifoner. Shakefpeare. —Iron indrument by which one 
drip fadens to another : 
But Cymon foon his crooked grapples cad. 
Which with tenacious hold his foes embrac’d. Dryden-. 
GRAP'PLEMENT, A Clofe fight; hodile embrace. 
Hot in ufe : 
They catching hold of him, as down he lent. 
Him backward overthrew, and down him day’d 
With their rude hands and griefly grapplement. Spenfer. 
GRA'R AH, a town of Africa, in the country of Beni 
Mezzab ; fixty miles north-wed of Guergela. 
GRAS'HOLM, one of the fmaller Orkney idands : 
half a mile fquth of Shapinflia. 
GRAS'HOPPER, A A fmall infedt that hops in the 
fummer grafs ; the locud : for the natural hidory and 
figures of which, fee the article Gryllus. Tho cicada 
is often by the poets trandated grajliopper, but im¬ 
properly : 
Where diver lakes, wdth verdant diadows crown’d, 
Difperfe a grateful chilnefs all around ; 
*Th.e grajhopper avoids th’ untainted air. 
Nor in the midd of fummer ventures there. Addifon. 
GRA'SIER. See Grazier. 
GRA'SKA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
Braclaw : fifty miles fouth-wed of Braclaw. 
GRAS'MARK, a towm of Sweden, in the province 
of Warmeland: forty-tw'o miles north of Carldadt. 
GRAS'MERE, a fine lake and beautiful village in 
Wedmoreland, to the wed of Amblefide. Its margin 
is hollowed into fmall bays, with bold eminences ; fome 
of rock, fome of turf, that half conceal and vary the 
figure of the water. From the diore, a low promon¬ 
tory projedts far info the lake; and on it dands the vil¬ 
lage, with the paridi church rifing in the midd of it. 
GRA'SON, an idand in the gulph of Bothnia, near 
4 , 
G R A 7A5 
the coad of Sweden : fifteen miles long, and two wide. 
Lat. 6o. 22. N. Ion i8 20. E. Greenwich. 
To GRASP, a. a {grafpacre, Ital.] To hold :n the 
hand; to cripe.—O fool that I am, that thought I 
could graJp'NAXcY and bind tlie wind. Sidney. 
Kings, by grafping more than they can hold, 
Fird made tlieir fubj.edts, by oppreffion, bold. Denham. 
To feize ; to catch at : 
For what are men who gra.fp at praife fublime, 
But bubbles on the rapid dream of time ? Young. 
7 t) GRASP, v.v. To catch : to endeavour to feize ; 
to try at —So endlefs and exorbitant are the defires of 
men, that they will grafp at all, and can form no fclieme 
of perfedt happinefs with lefs. Swift. —To druggie; to 
drive ; to grapple. Not now in ufe: 
See, his face is black, and full of blood ; 
His hands abroad difplay’d, as one t\\At grafpt 
And tugg’d for life. ^ Shakefpeare. 
To gi ipe ; to encroach : 
Like a mifer ’midd his dore, 
W\io grajps And grafps’t\\\ he can hold no more. Dryden. 
GRASP, A The gripe or feizure of the hand : 
This hand and fword have been acquainted W’ell ; 
It would have come before into my grafp, 
To kill the ravidier. Dryden. 
Podedion ; hold ; 
I would not be the villain that thou titink’d 
For the wiiole fpace that’s in the tyrant’s Shakef, 
Power of feizing.—They looked upon it as tlieir own, 
and had it even within thoiv grafp. Clarendon. 
GRAS'PER, A Or>e that grafps, leizes, or catches at. 
GRASP'ING, /. A grafp, the act of feizing with the 
hand. 
GRASS, A Sax.] The common herbage of 
the field on which cattle feed.—Ye are grown tat as the 
heifer at grafs, and bellow as bulls. Jer. 1. ii. 
The grades, fo extenflvely ufeful in rural economy, 
are chiefly to be found in the fecond order of the third 
clafs, triandria digynia, in the Linnsan iydem. How¬ 
ever numerous they may be, and didintt trom eaclt 
other, they generally agree in the following circum- 
dances ; which, taken together, form the natural cha- 
ratter of this tribe or family. 'I'he calyx-is a glume or 
chaff, in mod fpecies compofed of two valves, one larger 
and gibbous, the other fmaller and flat. The corolla 
alfo is a bivalve glume,'and is accompanied by a very 
fmall, fuperior, two-leaved, nedtarium, of an oblong 
form. The fam'ens are three in number ; the filaments 
capillary ; the antheras oblong and bicapfular. 1 iiere 
are two pifiilla, which are pubefeent, reflex, or bent 
back from each otlier, and terminated by pubefeent 
digmas. One feed only, or grain,, lucceeds to each ■ 
flower ; it has no pericarp, but is covered by the calyx, 
corolla, or both ; it is of an oblong form, drawn to a 
point at both ends, and monocotyledonous, or compofed 
of one lobe only. 
Beddes this agreement in the frudlification, grades 
are known at fird fight to peilbns totally unfltilled in . 
botany, by their peculiar appearance, or habit, as bo- 
tanids call it. Their dalk is dmple or unbranched, , 
draight, hollow, and jointed; their leaves are quite en- 
tire, of a long linear ihape, acuminate or drawing gra¬ 
dually to a point at tlie end, marked with lines parallel 
to the midrib or middle nerve. See this exemplified in 
thearticleBOTANY, vol. iii. Plate Xf. fig. 11,12, 13. p. 
265. Upon the culm or dalk, there is only one of thefe 
leaves to each joint, aridng from a Iheath Vy-hich invilts 
the dalk ufually to a confiderable didance, d he feed, , 
it is well known, is farinaceous or abounding in meal, , 
and is the principal toqd of many tribes of birds; as 
