SOI 
G R 
underffood by conceiving it to be an hollow vafe, as it 
■atlnally is, with a drawer in its pedelial or bafeinent, 
and having a grate over it, on whicli the fire refls. The 
valve, door, cock, or other contrivance by whicli the 
external air is admitted or excluded, may be either in 
the neck F of tlie vaCe, or in the air-tube, or in the 
drawer B, fig. 4, or C, fig. i, or, which is preferable, 
in the cavity behind tlie drawer, the pedeftal or bafe¬ 
inent of the vafe being made large enough to admit of 
fuch cavity. Various confiructions may be reforted to j 
but that reprefented in fig. 3 (which is a ground-plan 
of a proper chimney for fuch a grate, and in wh cli a 
bird’s-eye view of one Iialf of the grate may be feen in 
its place, while the other half reprefents an horizontal 
fedtion of the bafement or pedelial, which is luppofed 
to be open, fhewing the drawer in its place, with the 
cavity behind i ) will be found to anfwer every pur- 
pofe. The cavity G is feparated from the place in 
which the drav/er is put, by a partition (befi: made of 
plate or caft-iron) palling from H to H, in which there 
is an opening at I, with a cover at K. To the cover K 
is attached a fmall bar L, worked by another lliorter 
bar M, to whicli it is attached by any limple joint. 
The bar fvl is fallened into an upright pivot, the top of 
which comes up tliroiigli the pedelial at one of its cor¬ 
ners, or any other convenient fpot, and is furnillied with 
a button to be laid hold of by tne finger and thumb, or 
with a top lilted to a key, by the turning of wliicli the 
cover K is made to Unit or open the aperture I, and 
confequently to prevent or facilitate the palfage of the 
air fi om the liole at G, which reprelents the internal 
mouth of tlie air-tube, tiie oriierend of which is on the 
outfide of the houfc, or in any cellar or other apart¬ 
ment, as before deferibed. When Wie air has palled 
througli tlie aperture f, it finds no difficulty iu palling 
on to tlie bottom of tlie grate, that back or fide of the 
drawer next which tlie aperture is pl.iced being made 
low to allow it to flow in freely. 
The grates are recommended to be made of an ellip¬ 
tical form, as fhewn at fig. i ; or circular, as at fig, 4; 
thefe being found moll convenient, where a fence or 
fereen is wilhed to be applied along with Mr. Burns’s 
other improvements. Tlie fence or fereen is intended 
to prevent tliofe dreadful accidents which too frequently 
occur, of women’s and children’s clothes being let on 
fire by I'parks fro u the grate. When it is wilhed to be 
adopted, the infide of the chimney, where the grate is 
to hand, lliould be a femi-cylinder, or nearly lb, as re- 
prelented at fig. 3, with a lining or cover aaa, bell 
made of metal, at Inch a dillance from the femi-cylin- 
drical wall, INNNN, as to give fnfficient room fur al¬ 
lowing the fafeguard or fence to be tlid round into it 
when the fire is wilhed to be left open, when frelh fuel 
is to be added, or when the drawer witli the allies is to 
be removed. 
The fence is a frame-work of metal, which, when 
filled up with glafs or with wire-work, forms a ponion 
of a cylinder anfwerable to tlie curvature of the Ipace 
between the back of the chimney and the lining above- 
mentioned, nu.de in one or more pieces, and moving in 
a circular groove, bb, in or upon the lieartb, whicli 
ferves to conduct it into its place behind the grate, 
when the fire-place is wilhed to be left open, as before- 
mentioned. llie top of the front of the opening of 
the chimney projedls in a circular form, or is furmlhed 
with an added projection, made of metal, marble, or 
any other lit material; but in either tale the projection 
is lurmlhed with a circular groove on its under furface, 
«i the faille radius with tlie one in, or planted on, the 
hearth, for the pur}/bie of receiving the upper part of 
the frame-work of the fence or lafeguard, wnich frame¬ 
work may be filled up with glafs, eitlier plain or bent, 
and either colourlels or coloured, or Itaiiicd or paiiueci 
v.ith figures or deligns of any kind. By this means 
VoL. Vlll. No. 545. 
ATE. 
complete fafety is obtained againU any fuch accidents 
as have been alluded to, while at the lame time the 
comfort arifiiig from the view of a cheerful fire is not 
prevented by the interpotltion of any opake body ; but 
in nurferies, See. where convenience and f.ifcty is more 
the object than elegance or luxury, tlie frame-work 
ma)' be filled up with wire-work. 
Where either the glafs or the wire-vork fence, or 
both of them, are meant to be applied to Iquare or rec¬ 
tangular cliimneys, without ihe trouble of giving tliein 
tiic leuii-cyliiidrical form, tlte liniiigto receive the rence 
or fences may be introduced at tlie Tides 01 jambs of 
fuel) chimneys; or tlie fence may be luade to rife by 
means of pulleys into the wall above the opening, or 
Hide Tideways into the walls at the Tides of the opening. 
Thefe improvements may be introduced together or 
lingly, and may be applied to many of the grates now 
in common ufe. 
Belides the advaiKa.'cs already pointed out as con- 
neCled with them, lufy poffLls alio the following.-— 
Any room or ap.irtnient may be licatcd by their means 
with a much Imaller quantity of fuel than by any other 
method yet in tile : at the fuine time tiie advantage of 
Iceing the lire is not lolt, as in clofc lloves; for thefe 
gi'aies have fide as well as bottom bars, which allow 
the radiant lieat and light to be thrown out into tlic 
room witiiout any impediment : and in faCl large rooms, 
halls, and the like, which by the ufiial metliods can 
hardly be warmed, or made at all e'omfortable in cold 
weather, may, by me.ms of thefe improvements, be 
heated as eileclually as the linalleft apartment ; for, 
whe.i their full eifeCt is waiued to be produced, it is 
only necelfaiy to keep th.e fence in its recel's, that even 
that portion of heat whicli would be kept back by the 
interpol'ed glafs or wire-work, nv.y be thrown out into 
the room, and perform its. office. Tliey are alfo an ef- 
feChial cure lor fmoky chimneys, which not only caufc 
gre.it walle and dellruCdion of good furniture, but many 
dileafes to the ialiabicants of hoiifes plagued with that 
evil. They caule a clean fire fide to be ealily com¬ 
manded at all times, as hardly any of the duit or allies 
fill through the fide bans, aimoll tlie whole palling 
thiough the bottom bars down into the drawer; and 
any fire lighted in Inch improved grates burns up and 
becomes lively ih a few minutes w'ithout the aid of bel¬ 
lows, and that watcliful care which common grates or 
fluves require. 
Altliough thefe inventions are new to us in England, 
tlie idea perhaps of many of them was borrow-, d from 
our neighbours on the continent. T.iie Swedes appear 
to have been tiie liill who difeovered (in 1766) the me- 
tliod of animating the flame by concealed tubes, wliitii 
gave alio the additional advantage of conveying aw'ay 
tne noxious vapour with which all materials for domeflic 
burning are impregnated. A id the improved grate of 
Mr. Burns appears to lavoui much in its advaiu.iges 
and general utility with the calorifere or grate of Meifis. 
Olivier and Guiton, lome tune mice 1 ei ommended to 
public encouragement by tlie National Inllitute of Pat is. 
This calorifere polleli'es tlie iollowing advantages; i. 
The tube of the cliunney is reduced to lo fmall a lize, 
that the eltape of the liiioke into tiie apartment is im- 
poliitile. 2. 1 he appaiarus burns the conibuliibles in¬ 
troduced into it without wafte, to an impalpable pow¬ 
der or perfect alh. 3. It emus all the heat into tlie 
room, without admitting any portion of it ulelelsly to 
efcape. 4. The heat is capable of being regulated to 
any degree of the thermometer required. 3. A veiy 
I'mall quantity of wood is fnfficient to warm a targe 
apartment for twelve hours. 6. The hre is always vi- 
lible to every perfon iu the room. 7. Tlie ciunincy is 
externally preferved in its uliial form, and is itill capa¬ 
ble of receiving all thole embeliilhuients whicli wealth 
can I'upply, or ast contrive. 
9S 
7 # 
