806 G R A 
GRAVELOT'TE, a town of France, in the depart- 
Thent of the Mofelle, and chief place of a canton, in 
the dillriift of Kletz : one league and a quarter north of 
Gorze, and two fouth-wefl of Metz. 
GRA'VELY, adv. Solemnly; ferioufly; foherly ; 
without lightnefs or mirth.—A girl longs to tell her 
confidant that file hopes to be married in a little time, 
and afics her very gravely what file would have her to 
do. SpeBator. 
Wifdom’s above fufpcCting wiles ; 
The queen of learning gravely fmiles. Swift. 
Is’t not enough, th.e blockhead fcarce can read, 
Btit he mull: vvilely look, and gravely plead ? Young. 
Without gaudinefs or fiiow. 
GRA'VEN, a town of Norway, in the diocefe of 
Bergen : forty-two miles fouth-foiith’-wert of Bergen. 
GRAVENAU', a town of Germany, in the circle of 
Lower Bavaria : twenty miles north of Paffau, and 
fiity-fix eaft-fouth.eafi: of Ratilbon. Lat. 48. 46. N. 
Ion. 31. II. E. Ferro. 
GR A'VENESS, y. Serioufnefs ; folcmtiity and fo- 
briety of behaviour : 
Yotith no lefs becomes 
The light and carelefs livery that it wears. 
Than fettled age his fables and his vveeds. 
Importing health and gravenefs. Shakefpeare. 
■ GRA'VENHORST, a town of Germany, in the circle 
of Weltphalia, and bifiiopric of Munfter; four miles 
north-eali of Rheine. 
GRA'VENMACHEREN, or Grevenmacheren, 
a town of the duchy of Luxemburg, on the Mofelle, 
fiUiated in a pleafant and fertile cotintiy ; near it is an 
ancient monument, erefted by two brothers to the me¬ 
mory of their parents, before the reign of Conftantine 
the Great. This town was lacked and burned in 1552, 
by the marquis of Brandenburg: five leagues eall-north- 
eaft of Luxemburg, and four Ibuth-welt of Treves. 
GRA'VENWERT, a town of Germany, in the circle 
of Lower Bavaria : forty-two miles ealt-north-eafi of 
Nuremberg, and fifteen north of Amberg. 
GRAVE'OLENCE, J. \_graveokntia, Lat.] A rank 
or 11 inking (mell. 
GRAVEOLENT, adj. ]^graveolens, Lat.] Strong 
Icented. 
GRA'VER, comp, of grave. See Grave. 
GRA'VER, /. Igravcur, Fi.] One whofe btifinefs is 
to infcribe or carve upon hard lubfiances ; one who co¬ 
pies pictures upon ivood or metal to be imprefied on 
paper. 1 he ftyle or tool tiled in graving.—See the ar¬ 
ticle Engraving, vol. vi. p. S09. 
Tire toilfome hours in diff’rent labour Hide, 
Some work the file, and I'ome the graver guide. Gay. 
GRAV'EROL (Francis), a learned civilian, born at 
Nilnies in 1635. He was an advocate in the parliament 
of d'otiloufe, and in th.e prelidial chamber of Nifmes. 
He was extremely well veiled both in the (Indies be¬ 
longing to his profeliion, and in lubjects of general lite¬ 
rature." His writings conlilt of I'ever.d dillertations on 
pariicu! ir meoals, and other monuments of antiquity : 
of, Oblerv.itions on the Arrets of the Parliament of 
Touloufe, 4to. much elteemed : the collection ent'tled 
Sorberiana : and Notice ou Abrege Hijioire des 22 Villes Chef 's des 
Diocejes de la Prov. de Languedoc, folio ; a polthumous 
woiR. He was well known to all the learned in Hii- 
rope, and was admitted a membqr of the Ricovrati at 
P.,du.i. ihs adiicrence to the Calvinilt perlualion im- 
pedeu ids advancement, and at length involved him in 
perfec iiiion. he had retired to Orange in 1685, but not 
thinking iumleli lafe tliere, he attempted to pals into 
Swureiland. In lus vvay, ne was apprehended at Va¬ 
lence, and was comuutted to priioit in the citadel ot 
MoiUpcilier. He outuiucd las liberation, and died at 
G R A 
Nifmes in 1(194, W'hile employed in fome important lite¬ 
rary works. 
GRAVES, graave, Germ, a governor.] A fur- 
name. 
GRAVES AN'DE, a town of Holland, fituated about 
four miles from the fea, where the ancient counts of 
Holland generally refided ; fix miles weft-fouth-welt of 
Delft. 
GRAVESAN'DE (William-James le), a celebrated 
Dutch mathematician, born at Bois-le-Duc, in 1688. 
He was fent to the univerfity of Leyden to ftudy the 
civil law ; but he made the mathematics his favourite 
purfuit. Soon after he was eighteen years of age he 
compofed his excellent Eifay on PerfpeCiiive. In 1707, 
after having taken his doctor’s degree, he quitted the 
univerlity and fettled at the Hague, where he praClifed 
at the bar, and cultivated an acquaintance with learned, 
men. He was one of thofe who undertook the publi¬ 
cation of a periodical Review, entitled Le Journal Litte- 
raire, which commenced in 1713, and was continued 
without interruption to the year 1722. The parts con¬ 
tributed by Gravefande were extraCfs and original dif- 
fertalions, chiefly relating to geometry and phyfics. 
\yhen, in 1715, the States-gencral fent to congratulate 
George I. on his accellion to the throne of Great Bri¬ 
tain, Gravefande was appointed fecretary to the ein- 
bafiy ; and during his Itay in England became intimately 
acquainted with fir Il.iac Newton, and was admitted a 
member ot the Royal Society. Upon his return to Hol¬ 
land, he was made profelfor of mathematics and aitro- 
nomy in the univerfity of Leyden. Upon this he com¬ 
menced an entire new courfe of phyfics, in which he 
had the honour of firft; teaching the Newtonian philofo- 
phy in that univerfity. His laborious exertions in thefe 
departments, and in preparing for publication liis own 
mathematical and philofophical productions, as well as 
in fuperintending correCt editions of the works of others 
proved too powerful for his conftitution, which funk 
under them in 1742, when he was fifty-four years ofaoe. 
His principal publications were, 1. 'Phyfices Elementa Ma'. 
thematica, Expenmentis conjirmata, Jive Introdudio ad Philofo- 
phiam Newtonianam, 1720 ; which conlifis of the author’s 
public lectures, and has gone through many editions* 
of which the moft valuable is that publifiied in Englith 
by Dr^ Defitgulier, in 1747, in 2 v»ls. 4(0. under°the 
title of. Mathematical Elements of Natural Philofophy 
confirmed by Experiments. 2. Mathefeos Univerfalis Ele¬ 
menta, See. 1727, 8vo. containing a fyltem of algebra for 
the u(e ot Itudents, with a commentary on Newton’s 
univerfal arithmetic, and a new rule for determining the 
form of an afiumed infinite feries. 3. Philofophix New- 
toriiana Injitutioncs, See. 1744, 8vo. which is an abrido- 
ment of his Elements of Phyfics. 4. IntroduBio ad Phi. 
lojbphiam, Metaphyjcam & Logicain continens. The whole 
ot his mathematical and philofophical works were col¬ 
lected and publifiied at Amtterdam, in 2 vols. 4to. witli 
a critical account of his life and writings, by his di'fciple 
profelfor Allamand. ^ 
GRAVESEND', a handfome town in'the county of 
Kent, fituated on the fouih fide of the mouth of the 
Thames, and is the firfi port on that river. In the 
time of Richard 11 . the original town was taken and 
burnt by the french and Spaniards ; on which account 
perhaps, as a compenfation, the inhabitants, with thofe 
of Milton, obtained the exclufive privilege of convey, 
ing paliengers from thence to London, on condition that 
they fhould provide boats on purpofe, and carry all 
perfons, either at two-pence per head, with his bundle, 
of the whole boat’s fare Ihould be four fiiillings. This 
charter has been confirnied by fucceediiig princes, and 
under proper regulations they (fill enjoy this advan¬ 
tageous privilege. The fare is now advanced to iiiiie- 
pence each pall'enger. The boats are large and com¬ 
modious, and much improved within a few years part : 
tlie'y are obliged to depart on the ringing of a bell a 
quarter oi an hour j they go to London with every 
flood. 
