851 
GREECE, 
fcy the darts of the enemy ; but the work was no fooner 
completed, than tlie Perfians, running up the mounds, 
got poUellion of the walls, drove the Greeks from their 
battlements, overpowered them from their own fortifi¬ 
cations, entered, and lacked their towns. 
The firlt place which flarpagus attacked was the ce¬ 
lebrated capital of the Pliocieans, tire moft northern 
city of Ionia. Tlie inhabitants, as already mentioned, 
were famous for tl'.eir lottg and fuccefsful navigations, 
in the courfe of which they had often vilited the corrils 
of Spain, the-Mexico and Peru of the ancient world. 
The money derived from that country had enabled them 
to build the bell fortification that was to be leen in all 
thofe parts ; yet they entertained not any iiopes of re¬ 
filling the Pcrfian invaders. Such, however, was tlieir 
love of liberty, that they refolved on a meal'ure which 
has been often propofed, but feldoin executed. When 
Ha'rpagirs lent them his commands, they begged the fa¬ 
vour of a day’s panic for deliberation. In all pi'obabi- 
lity they had already taken ineafirres for effetting their 
efcape ; for during that fliort interval, their lliips were 
prepared, their money and goods put on board, tlieir 
wives and families embarked, and the wliole commu¬ 
nity was floating on the w'aves, when the Perfians ar¬ 
rived to take poffenion of defolated walls and empty 
dwellings. The advantageous litiiation of Phociea, 
and the pains which liad been taken to improve and to 
embellilh it, make this flight very extraordinary; if 
any thing can add to the wonder, it is that a whole peo¬ 
ple lliould unaninioiilly abandon their temples, their al- 
tars, and, wliat in ancient times feemed not lei's facred, 
the tombs of their ancellors ; Ihould totally divell 
themlelves of every right to a country whicli they had 
fo long called their own ; and let fail with their wives 
and children, ignorant whither to direft their courfe, 
or in wliat friendly port they might expedl protedlion 
or repofe. 
The Phocaean fleet, confifting of more than two hun¬ 
dred fail, made for the ille of Chios, which, of all the 
Ionic lettlements, feemed moll feciire againll the Per- 
fian arms. Having arrived there, ih.ey endeavoured to 
purchafe from the Chians the fmall Oentiflian illands: 
but the Chians, jealous of their commerce, and know¬ 
ing, the adventurotis fpirit of the fugitives, denied their 
requell. The Phocasans, thus rejetled by men of the 
fame race and language with themlelves, fet fail on a 
much longer voyage, for the ille of Cynus, or Corfica, 
where, about twenty years before, they had formed a 
fmall ellablilhment. As they coalled in the night along 
the folitary lliore of their ancient city, a few lliips, 
manned with enterprifing crews, landed in the harbotir, 
furprifed the Periian garrifon, and put every man to the 
fword. After applauding this memorable adt of re¬ 
venge, tlie whole fleet, tranfported with fury againll 
the Perfians, bound themfelves by mutual oatiis never 
to return to Phoctea, until a burning ball of iron, which 
they threw into the lea, Ihould again emerge unexiia- 
guilhed. Yet fuch is the powerful attachment of men 
to their native foil, that in a few, hours, more than one 
half the fleet diifegarded their oaths, and failed for the 
well-known harbour. The dellrudtion of the Periian 
garrifon removed the only obllacle in the way of imme¬ 
diate polfelllon ; and the blame of this malfacre might be 
thrown on their countrymen who fled, while thole who 
returned to Pliocaea might prove their innocence, by 
fpeedily fubmitting to every burden impofed on them. 
Meanwhile, the bell and bravell portion of the Piioctean 
republic landed with fafety on the illand of Corfica. 
The PhoCaeans were not the only people of Alialic 
Greece who deferted their country, rather tlian abandon 
their liberty. The Teians, who inhabited the louthern 
Ihore of the Ionic peninfula, followed the example 
which the inhabitants of Plioccea had fet; fori'ook a 
city in which they could no longer remain free, and 
fought rt'fuge in Abdera, an ancient colony of Clazo- 
mene, on the coafl of Thrace, near the mouth of the 
NelTus. The city of Clazomene, now mentioned, was 
built on the continent; but on the prefent occafion, 
the inhabitants, to avoid flavery, I'cttlAl in eiglit fmall 
illands, at a little dillance from th.e Ihore, on wliich 
they founded a new city, the model of that of Venice. 
Tlie advantage which the Clazonienians enjoyed by na¬ 
ture, the Cnidians endeavoured to procure by art. 
They occupied the extremity of the Carian peninfula ; 
and their city being joined to the continent by an illhnius 
ot only half a mile broad, they attempted by means of 
a fol's, to detach themlelves entirely from the main 
land. If this could be effecled, they might defpife fhe 
power of their enemies, who not having as yet fubdued 
the Phoenicians, pofieifed not any naval force fufficienc 
to conquer the Grecian illes. But the approach of the 
Perfians, and flill more their own fuperllitious fears, 
inteiTupted this ufeful undertaking ; and the city of 
Cnidus, as well as all others on the Aliatic coall, Mile¬ 
tus alone excepted, were reduced to the Periian yoke. 
Thus, while the arms of Harpagus were every where 
fuccefsful on the weftern Ihore, tliofe of Cyrus acquired 
mil greater glory in the central parts'-of Alia. With 
amazing rapidity his viflorious troops over-ranthe rich 
countries between the Mediterrcmean and tlie Tigris ; 
reduced the city of Babylon ; and his fon Cambyfes re¬ 
ceived tlie fubmiirion of Tyre and Cyprus, and elFected 
the entire conquell of Egypt, in the confequences of 
whicli tile Greek colonies in tliat country were involved. 
Canibyl'es is faid to liave died by an accidental wound 
from ills own fword. Darius Hyllafpes, tlie tliird in 
fuccefiion to tlie empire, polleired tlie political abilities, 
but readied not the magnanimity, of Cyrus. His am¬ 
bition was unbounded, and liis avarice led him to pru- 
jecl the conquell of Greece, in the liope of enricliing 
liimfelf by the fpoils of fo luxuriant a countr)'. Hil- 
tiieus, tyrant of Miletus, for foine time favoured tlie 
idea of this grand invafion. tie was taken into tlie con¬ 
fidence of Darius, and accompanying him to Sardis, and 
afterwards to Sul'a, became the friend, coiiiilellor, and 
favourite, of tlie great king. Wliile Hilliaeus aiSlcu 
fucli a dillinguilhed part at tlie Periian court, liis nc- 
pliew Arillagoras, to whom lie had committed tlie go¬ 
vernment of Miletus, incurred the difplcafr.-re of Arta- 
plienies, tlie brotlier of Darius, and governor of Sardis. 
Tiie reprefentations of tliat miiiiller, lie well knew, 
would be fufficieiit to ruin him, botli witli liis uncle, 
and wiili Darius, by wlioni lie miglit be deprived not 
only of his authority, but of liis life. Governed by 
thefe conliderations, Arillagoras meditated a revolt, 
wlien a meirenger unexpectedly arrived from Hiltiirus, 
exhorting liim to that meal'ure. Tlie crafty Milelian, ■ 
who fooiqdilliked the rellraint of the Periian king, lan- 
guilhed for a pretence to return to his native coitntry. 
His melfage confirmed tiie refolution of Arillagoras, 
who, as the firlt act of rebellion againll the Perfians, 
formally renounced all power over liis fellow-citizens. 
After giving this dilinterellcd proof of iiis regard for tlie 
public, he erected the llandard of freedom,, whicii was 
loon furrounded by the flower of ilie Ionian yoiitli ; by 
whofe alliltance, traverling tiie whole coafl, lie abolillied 
in every city tlie autliority of kings, and proclaimed to 
all wortliy to acquire it, tlie bleiling of civil liberty 
and national independence. Tlie revolt tluis iiafiily 
commenced, could not be maintained witlunit more 
powerful refources tlian tiie llrengtii of tiie Aliatic 
Greeks. In order to refill the force of tlie Perfian em¬ 
pire, it was neceflary for tlie lonians to obtain tiie co¬ 
operation of tlieir bretliren in Europe. Tliis important 
objeCl was committed to tlie prudence and aClivity of 
Arillagoras, who having fettled the affairs of tlie Eall, 
undertook the embaliy into Greece. 
Lacedaemon Hill continued tlie moll powerful Hate in 
tliat country ; and was then governed by Cleomenes. 
To him AriHagoras found it neceflary to apply ; and in 
4 ordep- 
