G R E 
To this prince he propofed to enter into ftridt friendfliip, 
to take his daughter in marriage, to i'econd his efforts 
in conquering Greece, and to hold that country as a 
dependent province of the Perfian empire. The Perfi n 
king highly relifhed thefe propofals, the fubjugation of 
Greece being the great objedl of his reign. He fpeedily 
fent Artabazus, a nobleman of confidence, to confer and 
co-operate with the traitor. But the treachery being 
timely difcovered, Paufariias took refuge in the temple 
of Minerva, from which it being unlawful to drag him, 
that afylum was furrounded by guards, and all necefi'a- 
ries were denied the prifoner, and he thus perifhed by 
hunger. 
The punifhment of Paufanias could but ill repair the 
ruinous effects of his mifconduff. All the confederates 
now loudly rejected the Spartan chiefs appointed to 
command them. They'unanimoufly applied to Arif- 
tides, to whofe approved wifdom and virtue they not 
only enlrufted the operations of the combined armament, 
but voluntarily fubmitted their more particular con¬ 
cerns ; and ex pericnce foon juflified their prudent choice. 
While the merit of Ariflides thus procured his country, 
men the management of the national treafury of Greece, 
Themiflocles was equally fuccefsful in improving the 
internal refources of the ftate.- By yielding more pro- 
teftion to flrangers than they enjoyed in neighbouring 
cities, he augmented not only the populoufnefs, but 
the wealth of Athens, as that def'eription of men paid 
an annual contribution in return for their fecurity. This, 
together with other branches of the revenue, he em¬ 
ployed in building annually about fixty gallies, the ad¬ 
dition of which to the Athenian navy abundantly com- 
penfated fuch lolfes as were fuftained by the accidents 
of the fea in foreign parts. Themiftocles was fall ad¬ 
vancing to the attainment of the fame authority at home, 
which Arillides enjoyed abroad, when a charge arrived 
from Sparta, that he had confpired with Paufanias to 
betray the public liberty. The known refentment of 
the Spartans againft: this extraordinary man, fufficienrl^ 
explains the reafbn of their conduft. But it is not eafy to 
conceive, how the Athenians could admit fuch an accu- 
fation againfi: a citizen, whole lingular valour and con¬ 
duct had gained the decifive viCtoiy at Salamis; whofe 
cotinfels and addfefs had fortifiea their city with im¬ 
pregnable ftrength; whole forelight and activity had 
procured them a fleet which no nation in the world 
could relift; and whole abilities and patriotilin liad not 
only faved his country from the molt foi inidable inva- 
fion recorded in hiltory, but amidlf the tenors of this 
invalion, the treachery of falfe friends, and iJic violence 
of open enemies, had fo eminently contributed to raife 
his republic to the firft rank in the Grecian confederacy. 
Yet fuch, on the one hand, was the effect of that envy 
which, in republics, always accompanies excellence; 
and fuch, on the other, the influence of Spartan bribciy 
-and intrigues, that Themiftocles was firft banilhed, and 
afterwards condemned to furter death. He efcaped into 
Perlia, where his wonderful verfatility of genius, in ac¬ 
quiring the language and manners of that country, re¬ 
commended him to the new king Artaxerxes Longima- 
nus, who had lately lucceeded the unfuccelsful invader 
of Greece. The fulpicion of treal'on throws a dark 
lhade on the eminent liiftre of his abilities; nor does the 
difintereflednefs of his private character tend to remove 
the imputation. A report prevailed in Greece, tliat 
Theniifiocles could never forgive the ingratitude of tlie 
Athenians, which he had determined to revenge at the 
head of a powerful army, raifed by Artaxerxes. But- 
defpairing of being able to accomplilh his defign, fie 
ended his life by poifon at the age of fixty-five, iiiMag- 
nefia, a town of Lydia, which had been beftowed on him 
by the liberality of the Perfian monarch. 
Jt is worthy of obfervation, that the three great com¬ 
manders who had fo nobly refitted the anus of Xerxes, 
quitted the feene almoll at the fame time, namely, in 
E C E. 
the year before Chrift 472. While Paufanias and The¬ 
miftocles fuffered the puniflinient of their real or pre¬ 
tended crimes, Ariflides died of old age, univerfally re- 
gretted bv the affectionate patriots of liis country. He, 
who had long managed the treafury of Greece, left not 
a fuflicient fum to defray the expence of his funeral. 
His foil Lyfimachus received a prefent of tliree hundred 
pounds from the public, to enable him to purfiie and 
finifh his education. His daughters were maintained 
and portioned at the expence of the government. This 
honourable poverty well correfpoiided with the manly 
elevation of liis chara6ler, whofe pure and unrullied 
fpfeiidour far eclipfes the doubtful fame of his heroic 
but unfortunate rival. 
By the death of Ariftides, the condubl of the Perfian 
war devolved on his colleague Ciirton, w'ho united the 
integrity of that great man to the valour of Miltiades 
and the boldnefs of Themiftocles. His firft operations 
were employed againft the coafl of Thrace. Amphi- 
polis vras foon taken, and fecured by a garrifon of Athe¬ 
nians. But Eion ftil! oppofed a vigorous refiftance ; 
Boges, the Perfian governor, having determined rather 
to perifh than farrender. After long baffling the efforts 
of the i efiegers, this fierce barbarian w'as at length ex- 
afperared by hunger. His companions and attendants, 
equally defperate with their leader, followed his intre¬ 
pid example; and mounting the ramparts with one ac¬ 
cord, threw into the middle ftream of the Stiynion their 
gold, filver, and other precious efl'edts. After thus at- 
tefting tlieir implacable hatred to the affailants, tliey 
calmly defeended, lighted a funeral pile, butchered 
their wives and cliildren, and again mounting the walls, 
precipitated themfelves headlong into the tliiekeft of 
the flames. And witli this fignal acft of defpair ended 
the Perfian dominion over the coaft of Europe, which 
finally fubmitted to the viclorious arms of Cimon. 
After receiving confiderable reinfortements, added to 
a fleet of three hundred fail, Cimon ftretched towards 
the coaft of Caria, where his approach ferved for tiie 
lignal of liberty to the numerous Greek cities in that 
valuable province. The vidtorious armament then pro¬ 
ceeded caftward to Lycia, and received the fubmilTion 
of that extenfive coaft. I he citizens of Phafelis alone, 
defended by ftrong walls, refilled to admit the Grecian 
fleet, or to betray their Perfian matter. Their refiftance 
was fpirited and formidable ; but tlie perleverance of 
Cimon finally overcame all ohftacles, and obliged tiiem 
to fiirrender. 
Artaxerxes, having re-eftabliftied the Perfian autho¬ 
rity in tile ille of Cyprus, confideied that Paniphylia, 
being the next province to Lycia, would probably re¬ 
ceive an early viiit from tiic victorious Greeks, '.riiat 
he might meet them with becoming vigour, he affem- 
bied a powerful army on the banks of the Etirymedon'; 
a fleet likewife, of four Juindred fail, was collected, 
and ordered to rendezvous near the mouth of that river. 
T he Greeks, conducted by the aclivity of Cimon, de¬ 
layed not to undertake the enterprile which the pru¬ 
dence of Artaxerxes had forefeen. 'J heir fleet, amount¬ 
ing to two litindred and fifty gallies, fell in with the 
Perfian fqtiadtons off the coaft of Cyprus. '1 lie barba¬ 
rians, conhdeiit in tiieir fuperior numbers, did not de. 
dine the engagement, which was obftinate, fierce, and 
bloody. Many of their fiiips were funk; an hundred 
were taken; tiie reft fled in dil'oider towards the fhore 
of Cyprus; but, being fpeedily purlued, they were aban- 
donctl by the tenor of their crews, to the victors; and 
tints the niiglity fleet of fhips, wnich tiie great king had 
railed v/itli fucli flattering hopes, were added in one day 
to tlie navy of Greece. 
The captured veli'els contained above twenty thoii- 
fand Perfiaiis. The loldiers encamped on the Eurynie- 
don were ftill ignorant of the battle. Thefe c'lrcum- 
Itances inftantly luggefted to the quick difceriiment of 
Cimon a Itratagem for furprifing the Perfian camp, which 
was 
