90 ^ G R E 
riches, he found feventy talents of filvcr. TifTaphernes, 
alter the battle, fortified himfelf, with a confiderable 
body of troops, in the ftrong city' of Sardis, where he 
continued, dif;. laying the inglorious pride of pomp am! 
luxury, while the provinces of Artaxerxes fell a prey 
to the lioftile invader. The time of his punifliment, 
however, wasairived. Tithranties was fent from court 
to take off the head of the perfidious Tilfaplternes, 
who, being allured to a conference, met with a juft fate ; 
ahhough the author of his death was perhaps the only 
man in Perfia with wiiom Titraphernes liad any claim of 
merit. 
Tithrauftes., wlio had come from Babylon efcorted by 
a powerful body of cavalry, alfumed the government 
of Lower Ada, and the conducLof the war. He imme¬ 
diately lent an embafl'y to Agetilaus, to declare, “ That 
Titfaphernes, .uithof of thofe troubles which embroiled 
Gree'ce and Perlia, had fullered a jull death ; and that 
the great king, who had been too long deceived by his 
artifices, was now ready to acknowledge the indepen¬ 
dence of the Grecian colonies, on condition that Agefi- 
■laus withdrew his troops from Afia.” The Spartan 
•king replied, “ That the alternative of war or peace 
depended not on himfelf, but on the ref'olution of the 
alfembly and fenate ; rjor could he remove Ids forces 
•from the eaft without the exprefs command of his re¬ 
public.” The artful fatrap, perceiving that it was ini- 
poHible to interrupt, determined to divert, the courfe 
of lioflilities. None knew better than Tithrauftes the 
ufe of money as an inflrument of negociation. He con- 
-defeended to purchafe from Agelilaus, by a very large 
fum, the tranquillity of Lydia ; and, as it feeined a mat¬ 
ter of indifference to the Spartan king whichever part 
of the Perfian dominions felt the weight of his arms, 
he evacuated that province, and again entered Phrygia. 
There Agefilaus attacked, conquered, and purl'ued, 
PharnabazLis j who, flying from poll to poff, was fne- 
ceffively driven from every part of his extenfive pro¬ 
vince. Tile fame of the Grecian victories llruck terror 
into the neiglibouring countries. Corylas, the tyrant 
of Paplilag'onia, who difdained the friendfliip of the 
great king, fent humbly to requefl that the native va¬ 
lour of Iris numerous and invincible cavalry might be 
afTociated wilii tire Spartan arms. The inferior fatraps, 
and efpecially their opprelfed fubjedfs, courted the pro- 
tedlion of Agefilaus, expetfling that tire dominion of 
Greece would be lighter than the yoke of Perfia, of 
winch they hfid long felt and deplored the feverity. 
The commotion became general in Lefl'er Alia ; and, as 
Egypt had already rebelled, Agelilaus, at the head of 
about twenty thoufand Greeks, and innumerable bar¬ 
barian allies, miglrt be led to entertain a rational expec¬ 
tation of being able to lliake the throne of Artaxerxes; 
«fpecially as the experience of his friend Xenophon, 
who was fiill the companion of his arms, mull have 
powerfully encouraged him to that grand eiiterprife. 
But an undertaking of which the fuccefs, however 
fplendid, could not probably have been followed by any 
I'olid advantages, was blafted by intelligence equally 
unexpedled and diftref'sful, Tithrauftes, who knew the 
power of gold over the Grecian councils, determined, 
with the approbation of the king hismafter, to give full 
play to this main-fpring of politics. The inflrument 
ef his uegociations was Timccrates of Rhodes, a man 
ef an intriguing fpirit, who carried with him no lels a 
fum than fifty talents, (above nine thoufand pounds-fter- 
ling,) wliich lie diflributed, with lavilh promifes of fu¬ 
ture bounty, to Cyclon of Argos, to I'iniolaus ;ind Po- 
lyanthes of Corinth, to Androclides, ffmenias, and Ga-. 
laxadorus, of Thebes; names for tlie mofl part obfeure in 
the annals of war, but important in the liiltory of do- 
inellic fttdlion. The tyranny of Sparta was tlie perpe¬ 
tual theme of thefe venal hirelings, not only in their 
refpeclive communities, but in every quarter of Greece. 
Stftf'iig as thefe invettives may appear, they did not ex- 
E C E. 
ceed the truth. Since the fubvcrfl’on of the Atheniaw 
power, tlie imperious government of Sparta had ren¬ 
dered her almo.lL alike odious to her old and to her 
new 'Confederates.- Argos had long been the enemy, 
and Thebes afpired to become the rival, of Sparta. 
Above all, the Athenians, animated by the patriotifm 
of Thrafybulus, thgir deliverer from the Spartan yoke, 
longed to, employ the firfl moments of returnin*^ vi^^oiir 
to redeem their glory, and renown. ° ° 
Yet, notwilbfianding the concurring caiifes which 
hallened a rupture, fnch was the terror of the Spartan 
name, increafed by the recent glory of Agelilaus, that 
none of her numerous enemies had courage openly to 
take arms, and to avow their jull animofity. After va¬ 
rious but fecrct conferences, held in the'principal'ci¬ 
ties, it was determined to wound that republic through 
her alliC'S, the Phocians, who. were diflinguiflicd, amidfl 
the general difeontent, by their unlhaken attachment 
and fidelity. The Locri Ozolae, a fierce and inf'olent 
people, who lived in the neiglibourhood of Pliocis,,^ 
were eafily perfuaded to levy contributions from a dif- 
trief on their eaftern frontier, to wliich they had not 
the fmallell claim, and of wliich the dominion had been 
long a matter of difpute between the Piiocians andj 
Thebans, Both tliele ftates feem to liave'beesi injured, 
and exatiHy in the fame degree, by this aggreflion ; but 
the Phocians, who were the enemies of the Locri, took 
arms to revdnge, while the Thebans, who were their 
friends, prepared to abet, their injulfice. They ex¬ 
pected that the Spartans would quickly interfere in a 
quarrel that affeCted their Phocian allies; a nieafure 
which tended precifely to that ilfue which policy re¬ 
quired, Alice the Thebans would be compelled to arm. 
in their own defence, and muff appear to all the neutral 
Hates of Greece, and even to their Lacedaenioiiiah ene¬ 
mies, to be undelignedly dragged into the war. Thui 
the pride of Sparta coiifpired with the mofl faiiguiiie 
hopes of Tiiebes and iiei allies. Inftead of condefeend- 
ing to remonlfrate, or ordering the Thebans to evacuate 
the territory of Phocis, the Spartans flew to arms, and 
marched direCfly to invade Boeotia. On the firlt ru¬ 
mour of holfilities, the activity of Lyfaiider had been 
employed to affeiiihle th.eir northern confederates. He 
penetrated into the Theban territory, gained Lebadea. 
by force, Orchonienus by treachery ; and prepared to 
alfault the walls of Haliartus, which, next to Thebes, 
was the (trongeft of the Boeotian cities. The difliculty 
of this eiiterprife made iiitn difpatcli a meirengcr to 
haflen the arrival of Patifanias, who had led forth fi.x 
thoufand Peloponnefians, to co-operate with this expe¬ 
rienced commander. The unfortunate mefTenger was 
taken by the Thebans, with the letter, in whicli Lylan¬ 
der had llgiiified his purpol'e, and appointed the timepf 
rendezvous with Patifanias, tlia.t they might furprife 
Haliartus with their combined forces. 
Juft as this intelligence was brougiit to Thebes, the.re 
arrived in that city a powerful reinforcement of Athe- 
nian troops, who, though their own capital was un¬ 
walled and defeiicelels, liad been perfuaded by Thrafy-. 
bulus to brave the relentment of Sparta. To thefe ge¬ 
nerous auxiliaries the Thebans committed their city, 
while the warlike youth, and alnioft all thofe of a mili, 
tary age, affenibled in complete armour, fet out in the 
dead of night, and performing a journey of fiiteca, 
miles with lilence and celerity, reached, while it was 
yet dark, the gates of Haliartlis. Their uiiexpecfcd ar¬ 
rival brought falvation to their friends; they lent a 
ftroiig detachment to lie in ambulli without the wails > 
the reft, reinforced by the towiil'meii, formed tliemlelves- 
in battle array, and flood to their arms behind the gates. 
Lyfaiider arrived in the morning; but Paufanias, who* 
had not received liis meilage, ftill continued in . the 
neighbouriiood of Plaraca. The foldiers, fluflieel by 
recent victory, difdained to wait for their allies, but 
requefled Lyfaiider to lead them againlt the place. He 
approached. 
