G R E 
«iirp!;iyed the peculiar accomplifliinents to which they 
hart been trained from their yowfli, in tlie more confvd- 
cuous pa.rts of the field. Alexander was eafily diftin- 
giiiflied by the glittering of his armour, and the alacrity 
of his attendants. The braveft of the Perfian nobles 
impatiently waited his approacli. He dar'ed into the 
midft of them, and fouglit till he broke his fpear. Hav¬ 
ing demanded a new weapon fTom Aretes, his mafter ot 
liorfe. Aretes Ihev.ed him his own fpear, wliicli was 
likewife broken. Demaratus tlie Corinthian fiipplied 
the king with a weapon. Thus armed, he rode up, and 
aflaulted Mithridates, fon-in-law of Darius, who exult¬ 
ed before the hofiile ranks. Wtiile Alexander beat him 
to the ground, he was himfe|f firuck by Rasfares with a 
hatchet. His helmet faved his life. Ke pierced the breaft 
of Raefaces ; but a new danger threatened him from the 
feimitar of Spithridates. The inffrurnent of death al¬ 
ready defeended on his head, wdien Clit'uscut oft the arm 
of Spithridates, which fell with tlie grafped weapon. 
The heroifm of Alexander animated the valour of 
the Companions, and the enemy firft fledtvhere iheklng 
commanded in perfon. In the left wing', tlie Grecian 
cavalry mufi have beliaved with diflinguifiied merit, 
fiiice the Per'fians had begun on every fide to give way 
before the Macedonian infantry iiad completely paO'ed 
the river. The flern afpefi: of the i halanx, firining in 
fteel and briftling with fpears, efinfirmed the victory. 
Above a thoufand Perfian liorfe were flain. in the pur- 
fuit. The foot, confiliing chiefly of Greek mercenaries, 
Pill continued in their firfl'pofitioii, petrified by afto- 
iiifliment. While the phalanx attacked them in front, 
the vidlorious cavalry alTailed their flanks. Surrounded 
on all fides, they fell an eafy prey; two thoufand fur- 
rendered pvifoners, the reft pbriftied. The battle alfo 
proved fatal to mOft of the Perfian commanders. Arfites, 
the chief advifer of the engagemjent, died in defpair by 
his O'wn liand. The generals Niphates and Petenes, 
Omarcs leader of the mercenaries, Spithridates fatrap 
of Lydia, Mitlirobuzanes governor of Cappadocia, 
Mithridates fon-in-law of Darius, and Arbupales fon of 
-A.rtaxerxes, were numbered among the flain. Such il- 
luftrious names might lead us to fufpeiSt, that the Per- 
fians were ftiil more numerous than Arrian reprefents 
them; and it is fcarcely to be believed, that in fuch an 
engagement Alexander fiiould have loft only eighty-five 
liorfemen, and thirty light infantry. Of the former, 
twenty-five belonged to the royal band of Companions. 
By command of Alexander, their ftatues were erefted 
by Lyfippus, in the Macedonian city of Diuni. 
This important viftory enabled Alexander to difplay 
both his luimanity and his prudence. He declared the 
parents and children of the deceafed thenceforth ex. 
empted from every fpecies of tribute. He carefully 
vifited the wounded, and heard w'ith patience and com¬ 
mendation tlieir boafted exploits. The Perfian com¬ 
manders were interred ; and tlie Greeks, both officers 
and foldiers. Tlie Grecian captives were condemned 
to work in the Thracian mines, as a puniffiinent for 
bearing arms againft the caufe of their country. But 
even this feverivy Alexander foftened by a very fea- 
I'onable compliment to the Athenians, wliofe city he 
preferred to be the repofitory of his trophies and re¬ 
nown. Immediately after the battle, he lent three hun¬ 
dred fuits of Perfian armour, as dedications to Minerva 
in the citadel. This magnificent prefent was inferibed 
with the following words : “ Gained by Alexander, fon 
ef Pliilip, and the Greeks, from the barbarians of Afia.” 
The battle of the Granicus alfo opened to Alexander 
the cotiqueft of Ionia, Caria, Phrygia ; in a word, all 
the Afiatic provinces weft of the rivef Halys, which 
had anciently formed the powerful monarchy of the 
Lydians. Many of the walled tqwns furrendered at his 
approach; Sardis, the fplendid capital of Creefus, 
opened its gates, and once more obtained the privilege 
of being governed by its ancient laws, after enduring, 
VoL. Vill. No. 557. 
E C E. 937 
above two centuries, the’arbitrary yoke of Perfia. The 
Grecian cities on tiieconft were delivered iiom the bur¬ 
den of tribute, and the oppi tllic ii of gnri ilosis-; and, 
under the aufpices of a prince who relpet'rcd their an¬ 
cient glory in arts and-in arms, rcfumcd the cnjo)’_ment 
of their hereditary freedom. 
Miletus and Halicarnafi’us now alone retarded tlie 
progrefs of the conqueror. The Litter place, com¬ 
manded by Mcninon the Rhodian, made a memorable 
defence. Alexander had fcarcely fat down before it, 
when the garrifon, conftfting of Greeks and Ferfians, 
I'allied fortli, and maintained a dclpcratc conflift. Hav¬ 
ing repelled them with much difficulty, lie undertook 
the laborious work of filling up a fofs thirty ctibits 
broad, and fifteen deep, which tlie befieged, vvith in¬ 
credible diligence, liacl funk round their walls. This 
being effeiSted, he advanced wooden towers, on which 
the Macedonians creiSed their battering engines,.and 
prepared to. aft'ault tiie enemy on equal ground. But a 
nofturtial fally impeded thefe preparations ; a fecond 
engagement was fought with ftiil greater fury tlian the 
■firft ; tiiree huiidredTSdacedonians were wounded, wiiile 
darknefs prevented their ufual precautiim in guarding 
their bodies. At length various breaclies were made 
in the walls ; and from the numbers who had periflied, 
or been wounded, in repeated confiidfs, Meninon and 
his colleagues perceived that much longer refiftaiice 
was impofiible. In this ciirergency they difplayed t^re 
lame decifive boldnefs which had appeared in every 
part of their defence. Having fumnroned tiie braveft 
of tlicir adherents, they, in the night-time, let fire to a 
wooden tower, which they had erected for defence 
againft tlie ftiocks of the enemy’s engines, and for pro¬ 
tection to th.eir arfenal and magazines, and efcaped to 
two neighbouring caftles of great ftrength. About mid¬ 
night, Alexander perceived the raging flames, and early 
the next day he reconnoitred the caftles, and perceiving 
that tliey could not be taken without much lofs of time, 
he reludtantly demolifiied HalicanialTus, in the yeaV be¬ 
fore Chrift 334, that it might never thenceforth ferve 
as a retreat to his enemies. 
Before leaving Caria, Alexander committed the ad- 
miniftration to Ada, the liereditary governefs of that 
province. Ada was the lifter of Kidricus, on whole de- 
ceafe Ihe was entitled to reign, both by the Carian laws 
and thofe of Upper Afia, where female fuccefiion had 
been eftablilhed ever fince tlie age of Semiramis. But 
the great king, with the ufual caprice of a defpot, liad 
rejetted tlie claim of Ada, and feated a pretender on 
her tributary throne. The injured princefs, liowever, 
ftiil maintained pofiefiion of fhe fortified city Alinda. 
•When Alexander appeared in Caria, Ada haftened to 
meet him, and voluntarily furrendered to him lier city. 
As the king always repaid favours witii intereft, he com¬ 
mitted to her tlie government of the whole province, 
and left a body of three thoufand foot and two iuindred 
horfe, to fupport her authority. His meafures in other 
refpedts were equally decilive and prudent. The Per- 
lian fleet, fupplied by Egypt, Pliceniciii, and the mari¬ 
time provinces of Lower Afia, four times out-numbered 
his own ; ye^t, fniall as it was, he determined to dif- 
charge it, declaring to his lieutenants, that by conquer¬ 
ing the land, he Ihould render hiiiifelf mafter, of the 
fea, fince every harbour that furrendered to him mult 
diminifii the naval refources of the enemy. Agreeably 
to tliis judicious plan, he purlued his journey through 
the fouthern provinces of the Afiatic peninfula, while 
Parmenio traverled the central cauntries of Lydia and 
Phrygia. At the fame time Cleander was difpaftlied 
into Greece to raile new levies ; and fuch foldiers as 
had married fiiortly before the expedition, were fent 
home to winter with their wives ; a meafure which ex¬ 
tremely endeared Alexander to the army, and enfured 
the utmoft alacrity of his European I'ubjedls in furnilh- 
ing fiipplies towards the enfuing campaign. 
Aft<f 
