93 S G R E 
After the deciUve battle of the Graniciis, he expe¬ 
rienced little refiftance from the numerous forts and 
garrifons in Lower Afia. Tlie ‘ ibutary princes and 
fatraps readily lubmitted to a miider and more magna¬ 
nimous mailer ; and the Grecian colonies on the coafl: 
eagerly efpouled the intereft of a prince who, on all oc- 
cafions, avowed his partiality for their favourite inlli- 
tutions. In every province or city which he conquered, 
he reflored to the Afiatics their hereditary laws ; to 
the Greeks, their-ancient democracy. Into whatever 
Country he marched, he encouraged ufeful indullry, 
and alleviated public burdens. His tafle and his piety 
alike prompted him to repair the facred and venerable 
remains ol antiquity. He conlidered the barbarians, 
not as flaves, but as fubiedls ; rhe Greeks, not as fub- 
jedts, but allies ; and both perceived in his government 
fuch moderation and equity, as they had neyer expe¬ 
rienced either from the defpotifm of Perfui, or from the 
domineering ambition of Athens and Sparta. 
Having received the fubmiflion of Xanthus, Patara, 
Phafelis, and above thirty other towns orfea-ports in Ly- 
cia, Alexander, probably for the fake of greater expedi¬ 
tion, divided the corps under his immediate command. 
A confiderable detachment travelled the Lycian and 
Pamphyliun mountains, while the king in perfon purfued 
the more dangerous track, leading along the fea-coalt 
from Phafelis to Perga. Here Alexander was met by 
ambalfadors from Afpendus, the principal city and fea- 
port of Pamphylia. The Afpendians offered to fur- 
render their city, but entreated that they might not be 
burdened witli a garrifon. Alexander granted their 
requefl, on condition of their raifing fifty talents to pay 
his foldiers, and delivering to him tlie horfes wltich 
they reared as a tribute for Darius. The ambalfadors 
accepted thefe terms ; but their countrymen difeovered 
no inclination to fulfil them. Alexander was informed 
of their treachery while he lay before Syllius, another 
flrong-hold of Pamphylia. He immediately marched 
towards Afpendus, which was fituate on a fleep rock, 
wallied by the Eurymedon. Several llreets, however, 
were built on the plain, furrounded only by a flight 
wall. At the approach of the Greeks, the inhabitants 
of the lower town afeended the mountain. Alexander 
entered tlie place, and encamped within the walls. 
The Afpendians, alarmed by the apprehenfion of a fiege, 
intreated him to accept the former conditions. Pie com¬ 
manded them to deliver the horfes, as agreed on ; to 
pay, inhead of fifty, an hundred talents ; and to fur- 
render their principal citizens, as fecurities that tliey 
would thenceforth obey the governor fet over them, 
and pay an annual tribute to Maceden. 
After ciiafliling the treachery of Afpendus, Alexan¬ 
der determined to march into Phrygia, to join forces 
with Parmenio. New levies from Greece and Macedoii 
■were likewife ordered to affemble in that province ; 
from which it was intended, early in the fpring, t6 pro¬ 
ceed eaflward, and atchieve flill more important con- 
quefts. To reach the fouthern frontier of Phrygia, 
Alexander was under a neceflity of traverfing the in- 
fiofpitabie mountains of the warlike Piiidians. Ainidfl 
thofe rocks and faffneires the Macedonians loft feveral 
brave men ; but the fury of the Pifidians was unable 
to check theprogrefs of Alexander. The city of Gor- 
dium in Phrygia was appointed for the general rendez¬ 
vous. This place is difiant about feventy-five miles 
from the Euxine, and was famous, in remote antiquity, 
as the principal refidence of the Phrygian kings, and 
the chief feat of’their opulence and grandeur. Alex¬ 
ander had not long arrived in that place, when a defire 
feized him of alcending to the ancient palace of Gor¬ 
dius, to infpeit the famous knot on his chariot, which 
was believed to involve the fate of Afia. See the ar¬ 
ticle Gordius, p. 691 of this volume. Whether Alex¬ 
ander untied or cut the knot, is left uncertain by hil- 
E C E, 
torians; but all agree that his army followed him with 
comple'te convidlion that he had fulfilled the oracle. 
The rapid progrefs of Alexander, and his contimial 
exertions during that feafon of the year when armies 
are little accuftomed to keep the field, tends to heighten 
our furprife at the inadlivity of Darius, who had long 
fignalifed his valour againfl the fierceft nations of Afi.i. 
But Darius, inftead of oppofing the invader in the field, 
hoped to deftroy him by the arm of an alfadin. Many 
traitors were fuborned for this purpofe, but none with 
greater profpedt of fuccefs than Alexander, the fon of 
iEropus. Yet this man had owed his life to the cle¬ 
mency of the fon of Philip, when his brothers Hero- 
menes and Arrabaeus were condemned as acceffary to 
the murder of that prince. He was numbered among 
the companions of Alexander, and had recently beers 
entrufled with the command of the ThefTalian cavalry. 
The promife of ten thoufand talents, and of the king¬ 
dom of Macedon, obliterated his gratitude, and fe- 
duced his allegiance. But his treafon efcaped not the 
vigilance of Parmenio, who communicated the intelli¬ 
gence to his mailer, while encamped in the neighbour¬ 
hood of Phafelis. By the fame faithful miniller, the 
unworthy fon of jEropus was feized, and committed to 
fafe cuftody. 
Darius had now recourfe to arms ; and his troops 
were afiembled in the plains of Babylon. They con- 
fifted of an hundred thoufand Perfians, of whom thirty 
thoufand were cavalry. The Medes fupplied almoll 
half that number, and the Armenians almoll as many 
as the Medes. The Barcani, the Hyreanians, the inha¬ 
bitants of the Cafpian Ihores, and nations more obfeure 
or more remote, fent their due proportion of cavalry 
and infantry for this immenfe army, which, including 
thirty thoufand Greek mercenaries in the Perfian fer- 
vice, is faid to have amounted to fix hundred thoufand 
men. The magnificence of the Perfians had not dimi- 
niflied fince the days of Xerxes; neither had their mi¬ 
litary knowledge increafed. Their muller was taken 
by the fame contrivance employed by that monarch. 
I'en thoufand men were feparated from the reft, formed 
into a compact body, and furrounded by a palif^de. 
The whole army, palling fucceftively into this inclolure, 
were rather mealured, than numbered, by their gene¬ 
rals. Nothing could exceed the fplendour that fur¬ 
rounded Darius ; the trappings of his horfes, the rich' 
materials and nice adjuftment of his chariot, the pro- 
fufion of jewels which covered his royal mantle, veil, 
and tiara. The drefs, and even the armour, of his 
guards, were adorned with gold, filver, and precious 
Hones. He was attended by his family, his treafures, 
and his concubines, all efcorted by numerous bands of 
horfe and foot. 
While this army llowly advanced towards Lower Afia, 
Alexander left Gordium, and marched to Ancyra, a 
city of Galatia. In that place he received an embalfy 
from the Paphlagonians, who furrendered to him the 
fovereignty of their province, but intreated that his 
army might not enter their borders. He granted their 
requeft, aad commanded them to obey Galas, fatrap ot 
Phrygia. Alexander then marched through Cappado¬ 
cia ; and SabiCtas being appointed to the adminillratiou 
of that extenfive province, the army encamped at the 
diftance of fix miles from the Cilician frontier, at a 
place which, iince the memorable expedition performed 
by Xenophon, retained tlie name of Cyrus’s Camp. 
As Alexander advanced, the barbarians haftily fled ; 
and the pulillanimous Arfames, to whom the whole pro¬ 
vince was entrufted by Darius, prepared to plunder, 
and then abandon, his own capital of Tarfus. But he 
had only time to fave his perfon. The rapidity of 
Alexander prevented the deftrudtion of that city, where 
the inhabitants received him as their deliverer. Here 
Alexander was detained by a malady occalioned by im- 
1 prudently 
