GREECE. 
The targeteers, headed by Adinetus, firft mounted the 
breach. Tl\is gallant commander was (lain by a fpear; 
but Alexander, who was prefent wherever danger 
called, immediately followed vvith the royal band of 
Compamons. After their walls were taken, the townf- 
men ftill rallied, arid prepared for defence. The length 
of the fiege, and (HU more the cruelty of the Tyrians, 
who, halving taken foirie Grecian velfels from Sidon, 
butchered their crews on the top of their vyall, and 
threw their bodies into the fea, in fight of the vvliole 
Macedonian army, provoked the indignation of Alex¬ 
ander, and exafperated the fury of the foldiers. Eight 
thoufand Tyrians were (lain; thirty thoufand were re¬ 
duced to fervitude. The principal magifirates, toge¬ 
ther with fome Carthaginians who had come to v/or(hip 
the gods of their mother-country, took refuge in the 
temple of Tyrian Hercules. • They were- faved by the 
clemency of Alexander, who had lod four liuudred 
men in this memorable (icge of feven months. 
The conqiiclt of Phoenicia was followed by the fub- 
mifiion of the neighbouring province of Judaea. But 
in the road leading to Egypt, the progrefs of the con¬ 
queror was interrupted by the flrong city of Gaza, 
lituate on a high hill, near the confines of the Arabian 
defert. This place was held for Darius by the loyalty 
of Batis, an eunuch, who Itad prepared to refill Alex¬ 
ander by hiring Arabian troops, and by providing co¬ 
pious magazines. The Macedonian engineers declared 
their opinion that Gaza was impregnable. But Alex¬ 
ander, unwilling to incur the difgrace and danger of 
leaving a ftrong fortrefs in his rear, commanded a ram¬ 
part to be railed on the fouth fide of the wall, which 
leemed lead lecure againfi: an attack. His engines were 
fcarcely eredted, when the garrilon made a furious I’ally, 
and fet them on-fire. It required the prefence of the 
king to fave the rampart, and to prevent the total de¬ 
feat of the Macedonians. A wall of incredible height 
and breadth was run entirely round tlie city ; the Ma¬ 
cedonians railed their battefies ; the miners were biify 
at the foundation; breaches were eft'ecled; and, after 
repeated alfaults, the city was taken by ftorm. Wiicn 
their wall was undermined, and their gates in pofieflion 
of the enemyj the inhabitants dill fought defperately, 
and, without lofing ground, perilhed to a man. Their 
wives and children were enllaved ; and Gaza, being re¬ 
peopled from the neighbouring territory, ferved as a 
place of arms to reltrain the inciirlions of the Arabs. 
The obllinate relillance of Gaza, was balanced by the 
ready lubmillion of Egypt. In feven days march, 
Alexander reached the maritime city of Pelufium, to 
vvhicii he had previoully fent the fleet, with an injunc¬ 
tion carefully to examine tlie neighbouring coafts, lakes, 
and rivers. His decifive victory at IlTus, the fhameful 
ffight of Darius, the recent fubjugation of Syria and 
Plioenicia, together with die defencelefs (late of Egypt, 
opened a ready pallage to the wealthy capital of Mem¬ 
phis. There Alexander was received as fovereign, and 
immediately afterwards acknowledged by tlie whole na¬ 
tion. Having placed fufficient garrifons both in Mem¬ 
phis and Pelulium, he embarked his forces, and failed 
down the Nile to Canopus, Plerc he found abundant 
occupation for bis policy, in a country wliere there was 
no opportunity for cxerciling his valour. The infpec- 
tion of the Mediterranean coall, of the Red Sea, of the 
Lake Maroeotis, and of the various branches of the 
Nile, fuggefted tlie defign of founding a city, which 
fhould derive, from nature only, more permanent ad¬ 
vantages than the favour of the greatefl princes can be- 
ftovv. Prompted by this idea, he not only fixed the 
fituation, but traced the plan, of Iris intended capital, 
deferibed the circuit of its walls, and afiigned the 
ground for its fquares, market-places, and temples. 
Such was the fagacity of his choice, that within the 
fpace of twenty years, Alexandria rofe to diftinguillied 
eminence among the cities of the eaft, and continued. 
VoL. VIII. No. 5J7. 
through all fubfequent ages of antiquity, the feat of 
correfpondence and commerce among tlie civilized na¬ 
tions of the earth. Having tlius efteiSted his purpofe, 
he returned to Mempliis, in order finally to fettle the 
affairs of Egypt. Tlie inliabitants of that country 
were reinftated in the enjoyment of tlicir ancient reli." 
gion and laws. Two Egyptians were ajipointed to ad- 
miniller the civil government ; but the principal garri¬ 
fons Alexander prudently eiitrufted to tlie command of 
liis moll confidential friends. 
The Macedonians luid now extended their arms over 
Anatolia, Carmania, Syria,.and Egypt; countries wiiich 
anciently formed the feat of arts and empire; but 
wiiich, at prefent, compofe the ftrengtii and centre of 
the Tuikilh power. 'Ilut Darius ftill found refources 
in his eaftern provinces, Schirvan, Gilan, Korofaii, and 
the wide exteiii. of territory between the Cafpian and 
the Jaxartes. Not only the lubjecls of the empire, but 
the independent tribes in thole remote regions, wiiich 
in ancient and modern times have ever been the abode 
of courage and barbarity, rejoiced in an opportunity 
to fignalife their refflefs valo'iir. A', tiv firfi fuiiiiiions 
they poured down into the fertile plains of AfTyria, and 
increafed tlie army of Darius far beyond any proportion 
of force which lie had hitlierto colleriled. Meanwliile 
Alexander, having received confiderable reinforcements 
from Greece, Macedon, and Thrace, purfued liis jour¬ 
ney ealiward from Plicenicia, pafl'ed tiie Enplirates at 
Thapfaciis, boldly ftemmed the rapid Ihcaiii of the Ti¬ 
gris, and iiaftciied to meet the enemy in Afl'yria. Da¬ 
rius had pitched his camp on tiie level banks of the 
Buniadus, near Gaugamela ; but the famous battle, 
which finally decided the empire of the call, derived 
its name from Arbela, a town in the fame province, 
fixty miles diffant from the former ; but better known, 
and of eafier pronunciation. 
Alexander was informed by deferters, of the ffrength 
and numbers of the Perfian army. Some made it amount 
to a million of foot, forty thoufand liorfe, two hundred 
armed chariots, and fifteen elephants fiom the eaftern 
banks of the Indus. Others exaggerated with more 
method and probability, reducing the infantry to fix 
liundred tlioufand, and raifing the cavalry to an hun¬ 
dred and forty-five thoufand. But all agreed that the 
prefent army was more numerous, and compofed of more 
warlike nations, than tliat which had fought at 1 (fus. 
Alexander received this information without teftilying 
the fmalleff: fu.piiie. Having commanded a halt, lie 
encamped four days, to give his troops reft-and refreffi- 
ment. His camp being fortified by a good intrencli- 
nient, he left in it the Tick and infirm, together witli all 
the baggage ; and, on the evening of the fourth day, 
he prepared to marcli againft tlie enemy vvith the effec¬ 
tive part of his army, which was laid to conlifi of forty 
thoufand infantry, and feven tlioufand horfe. Having 
afeended a riling ground, Alexander fiift beheld the 
barbarians, drawn up in battle array, and perhaps more 
Ikilfully marlhalled than he had reafon to apprehend. 
Their advantageous appearance determined him to 
change liis firlt refolution. He fummoned a council of 
war, and different nieafures being propofed, he acceded 
to the opinion of Parmenio, who advifed that the foot 
fhould remain ftatioiiary, while a detachment of horfe 
explored the field of battle, and carefully examined tlie 
difpofition of the enemy. Alexander, whole conduct 
was equalled by his courage, and both furpaffed by his 
aflivity, performed thofe important duties in perfon, 
at the head of his royal cohort. Having returned with 
unexampled celerity, he again all'embled his captains, 
and encouraged them by a fliort fpeech. Their ardoift: 
correfponded with his own ; and the foldiers, confident 
of victory, were commanded to take reft and refreftiment. 
Meanwhile Darius, perceiving the enemy’s approach, 
kept his men prepared for battle. Notwithllanding the 
great length of the plain, he was obliged to contract 
I j G his 
