D^4 G R E E C E. 
feveral inferior dates, Lyfimachus had the command 
of the Thracians and a detachment of Macedonians; 
and Seleucus headed the Egyptians. Lyfiniachus haf- 
tened into Afia and Phrygia, Fie offered terms of ac¬ 
commodation to Antigoniis ; but that prince was too 
confident of fuccefs to liften to his propofals. 
As foon as tlie feafon permitted, Demetrius tranf- 
porled his forces out of Greece into Afia, to join the 
troops of liis father ; and, in the year before Chi ift 301, 
the two grand armies faced eacli other, and were ready 
for an engagement in Phrygia. The forces of Antigo- 
nus amounted to feventy thoufand foot, ten thoufand 
horfe, and feventy.five elephants : thofe of the confe¬ 
derates to fixty-four thoufand foot, ten tlioufand five 
hundred horfe, four hundred elephants, and a hundred 
and twenty chariots of war. Both armies were anxious 
about the event of a battle, by which the fate of king¬ 
doms was to be decided. Antigonus, who had never 
before been feen to flirink from danger, betrayed evi¬ 
dent marks of fear on this occafion. Coming out of 
his tent on the morning of the battle, he ftumbled and 
fell, which he fuperfiitioully confidered as a proof that 
his army would be defeated. This memorable and 
eventful engtigement was fought near to Ipfus, a fmall 
town in the province of Phrygia. Both armies fought 
with diftinguifiied bravery ; and victory was long and 
ably contefied. At length, however, Antigonus loft 
his life ; the Syrians were completely defeated ; and 
Demetrius, with much difficulty, effected his efcape at 
the head of nine thoufand men. In confequence of 
this victory, the whole empire of Alexander was now 
deftined to found the following kingdoms : Egypt, Ly- 
bia, Arabia, and Paleftine, were alligned to the fove- 
reignty of Ptolemy, Lagus or Soter ; -Macedonia and 
Greece to CaflTander; Bithynia and Thrace to Lyfima- 
chus ; and the remaining territories in Afia, as far as 
the river Indus, which were called the kingdom of Sy¬ 
ria, were given to Seleucus. 
Calfander entered upon his exalted ftation amidft all 
the inquietudes of fovereign power, being encompafled 
by crafty and infidious enemies. Fie died, however, in 
the peaceable poireflion of the throne of Macedon, to 
which the greateft part of Greece was annexed, in tlie 
y'ear before Chrift 298. After his death, his two fons, 
Antipater and Alexander, laid claim to the kingdom. 
Alexander invited Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and Deme¬ 
trius the foil of Antigonus, to his alliftance. Deme¬ 
trius treacheroully alTaffinated the young prince at an 
entertainment ; and then juftifying the death of Alex¬ 
ander in a formal harangue, he perluaded the Macedo¬ 
nians to eledt him king. Inftead of repairing the de- 
vaftations that the kingdom had fuft'ered from conftant 
wars, Demetrius, in the year 294 before Chrift, engaged 
in new military enterprizes againft Greece, jditolia, 
Epirus, and Thrace. He abandoned himfelf, at the 
fame time, to luxury, vanity, and extreme haughtinefs. 
This incited Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, to invade the 
Macedonian territories with a numerous and powerful 
army; Lylimachus alfo poured his troops into the 
fame country on the fide of Thrace; and Ptolemy at. 
tacked with a fleet all his dominions in Greece. De¬ 
metrius, therefore, was obliged to abandon his king¬ 
dom ; and, though he made leveral attempts to regain 
polfeffion of it, he was unfuccefsful. Pyrrhus alTumed 
the fovereignty of Macedon ; but was in his turn ex¬ 
pelled by Lyfimachus, who had a£ted with him in the 
revolution of that country. In the year before Chrift 
385, diffenfions arofe in the family of Lyfiniachus, and 
the injured fa£tion requefted the alliftance of Seleucus. 
This prince, though feventy-feven years of age, wil¬ 
lingly heard the infinuations of the enemies of Lyfima¬ 
chus, hoping to annex the kingdom of Macedon and 
the ftates of Greece to the dominions he then poflelfed. 
He therefore met Lyfimachus on the borders of Phry¬ 
gia, ill the Field of Cyrus. Lyfimachus was in the 
feventy-fourth year of liis age. They were the only 
furviving generals of Alexander, and both fought with 
their ufiial bravery. The army of Lyfimachus was de¬ 
feated, and himfelf flain. Animated by a warm deflre 
of taking poffeffion of Macedon, Seleucus now pafiTed 
the Hellefpont, and advanced with an army as far as 
Lyfimachia in Thrace. In the neighbourhood of that 
city, however, he was bafely murdered by Ptolemy Ce- 
raunus, whom he had generoufly relieved, and for 
whofe fake he had commenced the war. 
Ptolemy, having performed this execrable deed, put 
on the crown, and boldly declared himfelf king of Ma¬ 
cedon, in the year before Chrift 280. Not long after, a 
body of three hundred thoufand Gauls, leaving their 
country in queft of new fettlements, followed the courfe 
of the Danube for a confidcrable way, and then divided 
into three parties, one of which made an irruption into 
the Macedonian kingdom. An obftinate and bloody 
engagement enfued, in which Ptolemy was taken pri- 
foner and his head cut oft', which was carried through 
the ranks on the top of a lance^ Softhenes, with the 
remains of the Macedonian troops, attacked and de¬ 
feated the Gauls ; but a freffi fwarm of thefe barba¬ 
rians, under the command of Brennus, attacked and cut 
Softhenes and his army to pieces. 
After the death of Softhenes, and the evacuation of 
the kingdom of Macedon by the Gauls, Antigonus Go- 
natiis, the fon of Demetrius, afl'umed the fovereignty, 
in the year before Chrift 278. Before, however, he 
could reftore the kingdom to its ancient ftrength and 
luftre, he was obliged to contend with Pyrrhus king of 
Epirus, who, indignant at the conduct of Antigonus, 
who had refufed to grant fome fuccours which he re¬ 
quefted, invaded the frontiers of Macedonia, and was 
joined by fome of the Ibldiers of Antigonus, who de¬ 
ferred the ftandard of their monarch. An engagement 
enfued, in which the forces of Antigonus were de- 
feated, and moft of them cut oft, and he himfelf was un¬ 
der the necefflty of quitting Macedon. Returning again, 
however, after the departure of Pyrrhus, who left his 
fon Ptolemy to govern his newly-acquired dominions, 
he fulfered a fecond defeat, and efcaped with only feven- 
teen attendants. 
'While thefe contentions took place in Macedon, 
Cleonymus, pretending to the throne of Sparta after the 
death of Eudamidas, endeavoured to exclude Arcus 
from the kingdom. The people, however, inclining to 
favour the latter, Cleonymus applied for redrefs to 
Pyrrhus, v/ho marched an army into the Lacedasmohiau 
.territory. Pyrrhus had with him twenty thoufand foot, 
two thoufand horfe, and twenty-four elephants. Arcus 
was at this time in the ifland of Crete, with the flower 
of the Lacedaemonian army. After an obftinate alTault 
upon the city, which was as obftinately refifted, and 
which was carried on for three days fuccelfively, Pyr¬ 
rhus was compelled to retire towards his own dominions. 
Antigonus and Arcus, who had arrived at Sparta to 
fuccour the place, haraflTed his retreat. Pyrrhus or¬ 
dered his fon Ptolemy to aflift the attacked troops ; but 
the young prince, expofing himfelf too much, was flain. 
The king of Epirus diredled his courfe to Argos; but 
Arcus followed him to that city with a thoufand in¬ 
fantry, and while the Argives engaged th£ army of 
Pyrrhus in front, the Spartans attacked them in the 
rear. By thefe means, the Epirots fuftered very confi- 
derably, and Pyrrhus was ftruck dead with a ftone. 
With regard to the character of Pyrrhus, we may ob- 
ferve, that Hannibal thought him the greateft general 
the world had ever beheld, and that Scipio was only 
the lecond. After the death of Pyrrhus, Antigonus 
refumed the Ibvereignty of Macedon 5 and now medi¬ 
tated nothing lefs than, the reduttion of all Greeae. 
He marched an army to Athens ; and, notwithftanding 
that city was powerfully fupported by troops from 
Sparta and F-gypt, he compelled it to receive a Mace*- 
doniaa 
