G R E 
This appellation of trierarchs was alfo given to tliofe 
cities, that in time of war were appointed to fit out gal- 
■ leys. The modern boatfwain is difcovered in tliol'e dii. 
ties wliich the kelcujles of the Greeks performed ; lie 
palled the word ot' command throughout tlie vefiel, 
and alfo allilted in dillributing the (hip’s allowance of 
provifions. The appointments of purfer and fecretary 
were always united, as they fometimes are at prefent ; 
and the fprightly notes of the drum and fife, by which 
Ihe labour of the capftan-bar is at prefent fo much 
abated, was a delightful talk alTigned to the Grecian 
tricraules, who hood before the mafl:, and cheered his 
weary fliipmates with the exhilarating malic of the Ca- 
naanites ; 
Againft the mail: the tuneful Orpheus Hands, 
Plays to the weary’d rowers, and Commands 
The thought of toil away ! Statius, v. 343. 
Whilfl: on-board, the harddiips which the Grecians 
endured, mull have been confiderable, from the fmall- 
nefs of their vefiel, and the badnefs of its accommoda¬ 
tions. The rowers had only a wooden bench to repofe 
on, and even the fituation of their officers differed but 
little from the reft of the crew ; fince it was objefted 
againft Alcibiades, as a mark of great effeminacy, that 
he was the firft Grecian who had ordered his bed to be 
flung, in order to break the motion of the veffel. The 
crew was divided into rowers (remiges), mariners (nauta), 
and the foldiers, or marines, v;ho were ftyled clajjiarii. 
The rowers were again fubdivided into the lower rank 
called thalamitte, the middle zugita, and the uppermoft 
thranita. Thucydides adds that the latter were paid 
tJie beft, becaufe they worked a heavier oar. A ftiip’s 
complement rarely' exceeded two hundred ; the ufual 
pay ot their feamen W'as three oboli a day ; and if we 
add the fourth, that was given by Cyrus at Lyfander’s 
requeft, it would amount on the whole to nearly lixpence 
halfpenny. This however was fometimes railed to a 
drachma, or about ninepence, though foine authors 
make it lels; as when the Athenians fitted out a fleet 
againft Sicily. 
In military ordinations, the Grecian armies chiefly 
were formed of free denizens. At the age of eigiiteen, 
the Athenians were appointed to guard the city, with 
its forts ; at twenty they were fent to foreign wars ; and 
the Spartans, at thirty. At threefcore, they were al¬ 
lowed to retire. At Athens, no one, above forty years 
of age, unlefs in a time of danger, was obliged to ferve 
in war. d he keepers of the revenue, and tliofe who 
danced at the feftival of Bacchus, were exempted ; 
Haves were alfo excluded from fervlng; and all who 
lerved were regiftered. The early Grecians were ap¬ 
pointed by lots j the foldiers always maintained them- 
felves ; none, but thofe exempted by law, were allowed 
to abfent themfelves from fervice, upon pain of lo/ing 
the rights of citizens, and of exclufton from the public 
temples. If they made their■elcape, they were branded 
with marks in their hands called cfUynura., to diftinguifh 
them from Haves who were marked on iheir foreheads. 
The Carians were the firft w'ho lerved for pay ; hence 
the terms xupxot, and xapi^oipoi, are ufed proverbially 
for cowards. Hejychius. 
The Grecian armies were compofed of different forts 
of foldiers. Their main body confifted of foot-men; 
the reft were carried on chariots, horfes, or elephants. 
The foot-foldiers were at firft of three forts ; i. OTr^iTai, 
who bore heavy armour, and engaged with broad Ihields 
and long fpears, 2. light-armed men, w'ho fought 
with arrows and darts, or Hones and flings ; they were 
inferior to the heavy-armed foldiers. When they had 
fliot their arrows, they retreated behind the Ihield of 
the heavy-armed foldiers, 3. IlaATao-lai, were armed 
with Ihields and fpears, but of lefs iize than thole of 
the oiiMras. The horfemen were not at firft numerous, 
Ijeing thole only who could maintain themlelves; and 
E C E. 903 
who afterwards provided fubftitutes to ferve for them. 
Their mancEuvres in the field of battle were regulated 
with fcientific precilion ; and their modes of formin 
for attack and defence were founded upon the mo 
perfect principles of human fagacity. 
Thus in arms, as well as in arts, the Greeks excelled 
all their contemporaries ; and it afforded mat-'er of af- 
tonifliment to the Romans, on their firft appearance in 
Greece, to find a people fo far before them in all the 
attainments of political and civilized life. With them 
the brilliant epoch of the polite arts, was alfo that of 
the belles-lettres. The poets and the orators of Greece 
co-operated with her painters, fculptors, and ftatuaries, 
in bringing to perfection the higheft attainments and 
produdtions of human excellence; while her philofo- 
phers and legiflators regulated the commonwealth ; and 
her heroes bled in its defence. During this period of 
Grecian glory, all that was great in man, all that con¬ 
tributed to exalt his powers, and to kindle every fpark 
ot talent, was cheriftred by the molt happy combination 
of events,—by a combination which very rarely occurs 
in the hiftory of the world. Yet fuper-eminent as was 
once the meridian glory of the Grecian people, their 
declination was proportionally rapid. Deftitute of im¬ 
mediate and important objects to roufe their aftivity, 
the example of their anceftors foon ceafed to animate 
and infpire them. The rewards and incentives to merit 
being withdrawn, men no longer alpired at excellence. 
The fpirit of patriotifm vanilhed ; the fire of genius 
was extinguillied ; exertion perilhed with hope; and 
Greece, from the age of Alexander, is deftitute of any 
tranfadlions highly memorable either in arts or in arms. 
PRESENT STATE of MODERN GREECE. 
This country, which has conferred fo much honour 
on humanity, is now fcarcely vifible among nations ; 
and the luminary, which once enlightened her, feems to 
have fet for ever. Rome has been more fortunate ; Hie 
has rifen from her ruins, and has obtained a fecond ex- 
iftence almoft as brilliant as the firft. She does not in¬ 
deed prelent in modern times the majeftic and ftriking 
fpedfacle of a free and conquering people, nor a lenate 
formidable to her citizens and to the world ; but the 
genius of her fovereigns long procured for her a domi¬ 
nation not lefs extenlive than that which Ihe formerly 
enjoyed. The pomp of the Vatican, and the temple of 
the apoftle of Chriftianity, have in fome degree eclipfed 
the majefty of the Pantheon and the palace of the Cae- 
fars. Italy has leen ckejs-d'ceuvre arife on the remains of 
thofe of antiquity, and her harmonious lyres have re¬ 
vived the allies of Horace and of Virgil : but Greece 
has never recovered the happy privilege of enlightening 
and charming her people ; and barbarians now trample 
over and difgrace that clallic ground. The fedlaries of 
Illamilin, incapable of the efforts of creative genius, 
have almoft eflaced the very traces of the glory of 
Athens; brutilh and miferable Hayes, without tliought, 
and in ftupid ignorance, walk over the auguft theatres 
on whicii Sophocles and Euripides difputed the tragic 
palm—on which .Tilchines and Demofthenes lhared the 
triumphs of eloquence, and Plato and Ariftotle alfumed 
the glory of enlightening mankind. 
The illes have endured the fame fate in which the 
continent has been involved ; the fame yoke is impofed 
on Rhodes, fo celebrated both for her mafter-pieces of 
art and for the induftry of her inhabitants; on the 
ifland of Crete, in vvhich poetry has placed the cradle 
of Jupiter; and, in Ihort, on the whole Archipelago, 
in which the illufions of fable confpired with the charms 
of nature to create a region of enchantment. What 
happy revolution, what exertion of European policy, 
will reftore this country to its priltine glory ; and there 
rekindle, after the laple of twenty centuries, the torch 
of the arts? Modern Greece having been thus unfor¬ 
tunately fubjeited to the Turkifli yoke ever fince the 
fiftcentJi 
