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6 Female glumes white with greenish midrib, 1.2-1.5 mm wide . 
. 1. C. hubbardii 
6* Female glumes pale yellow-brown to red-brown with greenish midrib, 
1.5-4 mm wide 
7 Female glumes yellow-brown to red-brown, 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm 
wide; spikes lax-flowered below, rather dense-flowered above, 3-5 mm 
thick in mature fruiting stage, upper gynaecandrous (sometimes with 
male apices), the uppermost with a long, usually very long, male basal 
part, the lower gynaecandrous or female . 2. C. longebrachiala 
7* Female glumes pale yellow-brown, 4-8 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide; spikes 
dense-flowered, 5-8 mm thick in mature fruiting stage, the uppermost 
1-4 wholly male, rarely with a few female flowers in the terminal spike, 
the remainder wholly female or with male bases and/or apices . 
. 3. C. iynx 
5* Spikes solitary at nodes (nodes may be close together) 
8 Utricles hispid; nut with persistent enlarged disk-like junction of nut body 
and style-base . 5. C. breviculmis 
8* Utricles glabrous, except sometimes on the margins of the beak; nut without 
enlarged junction with style-base 
9 Utricles corky, with impressed nerves 
10 Culms extending above the leaf-sheaths for a considerable distance; 
male spikes 3-15; female spikes mostly spread at some distance from 
one another; female glumes mucronate, dark to very dark red-brown; 
utricles 4-5 mm long, yellow-brown usually tinged dark red-brown; 
leaves with marginal prickles ± regularly antrorse . 
... 6. C. bichenoviana 
10*Culms usually hidden in the leaf-sheaths; male spikes 1-4; female 
spikes usually approximate; female glumes not mucronate, yellow- 
brown to red-brown; utricles 4-8 mm long, yellow-brown 
occasionally tinged dark red-brown; leaves with marginal prickles 
irregular and at 90° to leaf . 7. C. pumila 
9* Utricles neither corky nor with impressed nerves 
11 Leaves prominently septate-nodulose (septa less obvious when 
fresh); beak of utricle with apex deeply divided into 2 stiff slender 
teeth c. 1 mm long . 8. C. fascicularis 
11* Leaves not septate-nodulose; beak of utricle with apex truncate, 
split or shortly divided into 2 membranous, short but broad teeth 
12 Male glumes with a mucro as long as or longer than the . 
. 11. C. brownii 
12*Male glumes not mucronate or with mucro shorter than the 
body of the glume; utricles glabrous, minutely papillose or 
minutely hispid on margins and beak 
13 Utricles minutely papillose, with beak to 0.3 mm long; leaf- 
sheath and ligule occasionally red-dotted; culms 10-70 cm long 
