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23 Uppermost spike male; inflorescence 7-18 cm long; mouth of utricle 
notched to obliquely truncate, pallid, occasionally minutely hispid, 
0.2-0.3 mm diam . 15. C. gaudichaudiana 
23* Uppermost spike gynandrous or occasionally male; inflorescence 
2-^ cm long; mouth of utricle truncate, blackish, smooth, c. 0.15 mm 
diam . 16. C. hypandra 
19* Spikes ovoid or short-cylindrical (mostly c. 0.5 cm long, occasionally to 1.5 cm 
long) or ovate in outline, often densely clustered in an inflorescence that is 
itself ovoid or short-cylindrical 
24 All spikes androgynous (male portion often not conspicuous), or upper 
male and lower androgynous or occasionally female 
25 Leaves curly towards apex . 21. *C. arenaria 
25* Leaves ± straight 
26 Spikes very numerous, forming a long narrow spike-like panicle 
6-30 cm long, with appressed secondary branches to 4 cm long; 
leaves often obviously septate-nodulose; culms 2-4 mm diam. 
27 Utricle glabrous, margins not winged . 17. C. declinata 
27*Utricle hispid on slightly winged margins at least near apex. 
28 Culms trigonous to triquetrous at least above; glumes 
uniformly whitish, or yellow-brown without or with very 
narrow whitish or hyaline margins above 
29 Utricle with thickened truncate base, dark yellow-brown 
at maturity; inflorescence often > 12 cm long (4-45 cm); 
plants forming large tussocks . 18. C. appressa 
29* Utricle without thickened truncate base, blackish at 
maturity; inflorescence 3-12 cm long; culms in slender tufts 
spread along long rhizome . 19. C. incomitata 
28* Culms terete; female glumes orange-brown with broad white 
or hyaline margins above . 20. C. tereticaulis 
26* Spikes 2-12 in an inflorescence, forming a short clustered panicle 
0.8-3 cm long, without secondary branches; leaves not septate- 
nodulose; culms to 1.5 mm diam. 
30 Spikes 4-12; utricles 3-4 mm long, with narrow stipe-like base, 
faces nerveless or with a few faint nerves; male and female 
bracts acuminate to acute but not or scarcely mucronate, with 
hyaline or white margins 0.2-0.3 mm wide; culms 8-35 cm long 
. 22. C. chlorantha 
30* Spikes 2 or 3; utricles 5.5-7 mm long, with obtuse base, 
abaxial face with 8-10 strong nerves; male and female bracts 
acute, mucronate, with margins not or scarcely hyaline; culms 
80-160 cm long . 20a. C. klaphakei 
24* All spikes gynaecandrous (male portion often not conspicuous) or lower 
wholly female 
31 Lowest involucral bract much shorter than inflorescence, glume-like or 
leaf-like 
