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provided below) introduced to Australia, five species of Nassella, and one species of 
Piptochaetiiun (P. montevidense) recorded from Victoria (Walsh 1994). After further 
examination there is still justification for maintaining Anemanthele, the stamen number 
of one (three in the rest of the tribe) reinforcing the other characters listed by Barkworth 
& Everett (1987). Anemanthele is more closely related to Achnatherum than to Austrostipa. 
Stipa petriei from New Zealand has the diagnostic characters of Achnatherum and is 
here included in that genus (new combination provided below). 
Achnatherum 
Achnatherum P. Beauvois (1812: 146). 
LECTOTYPE (Niles and Chase 1925): Achnatherum calamagrostis (L.) P. Beauvois. 
Achnatherum brachpchaetum (Godr.) Barkworth (1993: 6). 
Achnatherum caudatum (Trin.) S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett, comb. nov. 
Basionym: Stipa caudata Trinius, Mem. Acad. Imp.Sci.— St Petersbourg Ser. 6, Sci. 
Math 1: 75 (1830); Vickery, Jacobs & Everett (1986: 38-39). 
Achnatherum papposum (Nees) Barkworth (1993:11). 
Although currently included in Achnatherum, there is some doubt as to whether this 
and related species best belong here. 
Achnatherum petriei (Buchanan) S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett, comb. nov. 
Basionym: Stipa petriei Buchanan, Indigenous Grasses N.Z. t. 17: 2 (1880); Jacobs 
et al. (1989). 
Austrostipa 
Vickery et al. (1986) recognised 10 informal groups in what is here described as 
Austrostipa, with a few species belonging to more than one group. Although Everett 
(1990) produced 23 unequivocal monophyletic groups, these can be rationalised to 
13 groups (Fig. 2). Although some of these groups are not well supported by Everett's 
cladistic analyses, this is mainly because of poor resolution in parts of the cladogram. 
The cladogram produces a strong congruence with the groups suggested by Vickery 
et al. (1986), with some groups in that publication split (groups D, H and 1), some 
fully supported (e.g. subgenera Tuberculatae and Petaurista of this paper, equivalent 
to groups K and C in Vickery et al. 1986) and others at least not contradicted if not 
supported (e.g. subgenera Austrostipa, Lobatae and Falcatae of this paper, equivalent 
to groups J, G and L in Vickery et al. 1986). We have recognised as subgenera our 
informal groups (Vickery et al. 1986) except where the cladograms (Everett 1990) 
supported such groups being split. The groups now split include subg. Bambusina 
being separated from what is here described as subg. Arbuscula (both previously 
group D), subg. Eremophilae being separated from what is here described as subg. 
Lancea (both previously group 1), and subg. Aulax being separated from what is here 
described as subg. Ceres (both previously group H). 
The 13 groups we recognise in Austrostipa are here formally described as subgenera. 
Austrostipa S.W.L. Jacobs & J. Everett, gen. nov. Ex affinitate Achnatheri sed flosculis 
maturis fuscioribus tenacioribusque, marginis lemmatum plerumque imbricatis, callo 
grandiore, differt. 
Caespitose or spreading, often rhizomatous facultative perennials. Leaves and 
branches either basal or cauline, sometimes forming intricate shrubby growth. 
Spikelets superficially all alike, 1-flowered, with the rhachilla not produced beyond 
the floret, hermaphrodite. Glumes persistent, hyaline to chartaceous, narrow, more 
