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Telopea Vol. 6(4): 1996 
Appendix 
Characters used for phylogenetic analysis. Multistate characters are not additive (i.e. they 
are unordered) unless indicated to the contrary. 
1. Innovation buds: intravaginal (0); extravaginal (1). 
2. Leaf-blades: persistent (0); disarticulating (1). 
Leaf-blades with distinct disarticulations are common in Cliioiwchloa (Connor 1991, Linder 
in prep.), but are rare in the rest of the danthonioid grasses. A disarticulation line is best 
seen on carefully prepared herbarium specimens, in which the basal leaves have not 
been removed. Leaf-blade disarticulation is also found in a number of Rylidosperma 
species, and was used for the determination of New Zealand species of the genus 
(Connor & Edgar 1979). 
3. Inflorescence branches: more or less spreading (0); erect, inflorescence narrowly linear (1). 
In most sjaecies, the inflorescence branches, at least at anthesis, are spreading. Erect 
inflorescence branches hug the central rhachis of the inflorescence, thus forming a linear 
inflorescence that approaches a raceme. 
4. Cleistogenes: absent (0); present (1). 
The presence of cleistogenes in the sheaths of the culm leaves has been reported and surveyed 
by Chase (1918), Dobrenz and Beetle (1966) and Clay (1983). This is restricted to Danthonia s.s., 
while Rytidospenna often has cleistogamous florets, distinct by the smaller anthers which 
dehisce while entangled within the stigmas of the unopened flowers (Vickery 1956). 
5. Glumes: shorter than the florets (0); longer than the florets (1). 
6. Callus: small (0); massive (1). 
A massive callus is defined as constituting more than 70% of the combined callus and 
rhachiUa length (Fig. 4: R, U). 
7. RhachiUa length relative to the lemma: lemma/rhachilla < 5.8 (0); > 5.8 (1). 
This character is somewhat, but not completely, correlated to the previous character. This 
measures the degree of development of the rhachilla. Plotting the available measurement 
data shows a clear interval at ca. 5.8 (Fig. 4: Q-W). 
8. Lemma lobes, excluding the setae: shorter than lemma (0); as long as lemma (1); longer 
than lemma (2)Iadditive]. 
These intervals in what is effectively a continuous character were chosen for convenience, 
as the states are easy to observe. A ratio was preferred over absolute measurements to 
avoid variation in spikelet size from influencing the result unduly. 
9. Lemma lobe fusion to the central awn: absent (0); partial (1); complete (2)[additive]. 
The 'standard' lemma structure in the danthonioid grasses is a bilobed lemma, bearing an 
awn from the sinus (De Wet 1956). However, in four groups of probably unrelated taxa 
the lemma is entire, without lobes, the lemma apex acute or continuing into a short awn: 
Prionanthiuw (Davidse 1988), Tribolium (Linder and Davidsein prep.), Monostachya (Jacobs 
1982) and some species of Pentaschistis (Linder & Elhs 1990). We interpret the formation of 
this type of lemma as the fusion of the lemma lobes with the awn column. Intermediate 
conditions can be readily found: Schismus, especially S. pkiiwpogon (Conert & Tiirpe 
1974), and several species of Rytidospenna. In these taxa there is a partial fusion of the 
lemma lobes with the awn column. Associated with the fusion of the lemma lobes with 
the awn column is the loss of the awn limb (Fig. 4: A-G). 
10. Lemma sinus: acute (0); rounded (1). 
11. Lemma lobe setae: longer than lobe (0); equal (1); shorter than lobe (2); absent 
(3)[additive]. 
