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as pollinators of Persoonia species than female, pollen-foraging, Halictidae (Lasioglossiim 
and Nomia species) because collections suggested that the density of pollen laden, 
Cladocerapis males was appreciably higher than halictid females. Active pollen collection 
by some halictids was inferior to passive collection by some Cladocerapis males since 
only 40% of female Nomia bees carried significant loads of Persoonia pollen. 
The evolution of Leioproctiis species dependent on floral rewards produced by 
Persoonia flowers has resulted in two quite different foraging syndromes. Within 
subgenus Cladocerapis, larger body size, reduction of facial hairs, and an unusual 
mode of pollen collection by females contribute to mutual benefits for both the bees 
and the Persoonia flowers they pollinate. 
In direct contrast, body size is reduced, mouthparts are much elongated or 
ornamented with long hairs and foraging behaviour encourages basal probing of the 
nectar chamber in subgenus Filiglossa. This form of floral parasitism does not 
obviously benefit the reproductive ecology of Persoonia and, as mentioned above, 
may have encouraged evolution of longer tepals, or style-clasping tepals, or 
tube-blocking ovaries. Two congeneric bees then occupy the same trophic levels but 
Table 9. Identification of pollen grains of bees and wasps carrying Persoonia mixed with the 
pollen of at least one other species. 
Insect Taxon 
AC 
AS 
BA 
EP 
Pollen Taxa 
LA MY 
PL 
PE 
UD 
UM 
Apis mellifera 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
13 
0 
13 
3 
0 
Callomelitta sp. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
Chalicodoma spp. 
4 
2 
0 
0 
1 
4 
0 
10 
8 
0 
Exoneura spp. 
2 
5 
0 
0 
1 
13 
0 
18 
7 
0 
Homalictus urbanus 
1 
1 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
Ichneumonid wasp 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
Lasioglossum brazieri 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
L sp. (Parasphecodes) 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
1 
0 
Leioproctus (Cladocerapsis) spp. 
2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
0 
5 
2 
0 
L bipectinatus 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
L carinatifrons 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
3 
0 
4 
1 
0 
L (Filiglossa) spp. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
3 
2 
1 
L. incanescens 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
27 
2 
30 
1 
0 
L. raymenti 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
6 
6 
0 
L. speculiferus 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
28 
7 
41 
13 
0 
Nomia spp. 
0 
0 
1 
1 
1 
1 
0 
2 
1 
0 
Odyneurus sp. 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
1 
0 
Trigona carbonarla 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
4 
4 
0 
Totals 
10 
10 
3 
1 
3 
101 
10 
142 
51 
1 
AC = Acacia, AS = Asteraceae (Brachycome, Hypochaeris), BA 
= Banksia EP = Epacridaceae (Epacris sp. 
and E. pulchella), LA = Unidentified Lamiaceae (Prostanthera type); MY = Myrtaceae 
(.Eucalyptus,Leptospeniiwn), PE = Persoonia spp.; PL = Platysace lanceolata (Apiaceae), UD = Unidentified 
dicots (triporate and tricolporate); UM = Unidentified monocot (Iridaceae type) 
