34 
GRO 
Vet-coopers ; but this rather increafed than diminiflied 
the diforders. The inhabitants called in Edfard count 
of Ea(t Friefland, and put themfelves under his protec¬ 
tion, but, in the year 1505, rebelled againfl: him ; who, 
in 15 ! 3> renounced all his rights to the duke of Gueld- 
ers. In 1536, it was ceded to the emperor Charles V. 
fiom whom it paded to the houfe of Audria. It fol¬ 
lowed the example of the other provinces in throwing 
off the yoke of Spain, and, in 1594, was incorporated 
into the States General. It now holds the feventh 
rank in the kingdom under Louis Bonaparte. 
GRON'INGEN, a city, and capital of the date of 
Groningen; large, rich, drong, well peopled, and 
adorned with many excellent buildings, public and pri¬ 
vate. Its figure is nearly round, encompaded with good 
ramparts, guarded by large ditches filled with water, 
befides many badions and other fortifications, which 
tvould render an attack upon it very difficult.- Its port 
is very commodious, into which fhips enter with great 
eafe by means of a canal, whofe Tides are lined with 
large dones, about three < leagues from the fea. It is 
watered by the river Ilunes, which runs through it to 
the fea northward ; the Dunder runs eadward from it 
into the river Ems. This city has often fuffered from 
the calamities of war; in the year 1500, Albert duke 
df Saxony laid fiege to it, but being wounded, he was 
obliged to retire, and died a fiiort time after at Emb- 
den ; and peace was concluded by the mediation of the 
bifnop of Utrecht : not long after, the inhabitants of 
Groningen broke the peace, and feized on Damrhe ; 
Edfard comte of Ead Friedand, reinforced by fome 
troops of the bidiop of Munder and Utrecht and of the. 
duke of Brunfwick, came to an engagement with them, 
-and put them to the rout, with the lofs of a thoufand 
citizens and a thoufand foidiers. Edfard then attacked 
the city of Groningen, which furrendered, in 1505, after 
a. long fiege, and built a citadel to keep the citizens in 
awe, which was pulled down in 1544. The Spaniards re¬ 
built it in the time of the revolt, with five badions, but 
the inhabitants dedroyed their works after the peace-of 
Client. In 1536, the citizens, being defirous of preferv- 
ing their.privileges, called in the emperor Charles V. to, 
whom they fubmitted. At the commencement of the 
revolt they would not receive a garrifon, nor enter into 
the famous Union of Utrecht, which is the reafon why 
this province had the lad rank in the United States. In 
1576, Groningen alfented to the union, and took the oath 
of fidelity. George de Lalain, comte de Rennebourg, 
took it, by dratag.em, on the. 10th of June, 1579, for the 
king of Spain, and compelled colonel Schenck, who at¬ 
tempted to retake it in the following .year, to raife the 
liege;, but, in 1594, prince Maurice retook it, the 24th 
o'f July, after a fiege of two months ; the principal arti¬ 
cles of the capitulation were, that the city and figniory 
of Groningen fliould be redored to the United States, 
and that William, coufin-genuan to prince Maurice, 
ihould he governor under the authority of the States. 
The bifliop of Munder and eledlor of Cologne laid fiege 
to it in 1672, with an army of twenty thoufand men; 
but after fix weeks were compelled to retire, on the 27th 
of Augud, by the brave refidance of general Charles 
Robenhaut, the governor, who commanded a garrifon 
of two thoufand men; the citizens and the dudents fig- 
nalized themfelves alfo very much inks defence. Gro¬ 
ningen is by fome fa;d to take its name from Grunnius, 
a commander of the Gauls; but by others, with more 
probability, from the excellent green padures by which 
it is every way furrounded. An univerfity was eda- 
bliflied here in 1614, and endowed with the revenues of 
feveral monaderies ; Ubbo Emmius, the celebrated hif- 
toriographer of Friefland, was the fird redlor. Gronin¬ 
gen was anciently a free and imperial city: in 1559, it 
was erefted into a biffiopric, under the archbilhop of 
Utrecht, by pope Paul IV. at the indance of Philip II. 
king of Spain, but had only three biffiops before the 
revolution and confequent dilfolution. It is eighty-one 
GKO 
miles wed of Bremen. Lat. 53. 11. N. Ion. 23. ^4. E 
Ferro. 
GRON'INGEN MARK, a town of Germany, in the 
circle of Swabia, and duchy of Wirteniberg, on the 
Glems: thirty-fix miles ead of Radadt, and feven 
north-north-wed of Stuttgart. 
GRON'NA, f. In old writings, a pit, a bog, a quag¬ 
mire. Phillips. 
GRONO'VIA, f. [Named by Dr. Houdoun, in ho¬ 
nour of John Frederic Gronovius, M. D. a learned botanid 
at Leyden.] In botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, 
order monogynia, in the natural order of cucurbitaceae. 
The generic charafters are.—Calyx: perianthium one- 
leated, five-cleft beyond the middle, beli-diaped, co¬ 
loured, permanent ; divifions feini-lanceolate, upright. 
Corolla : petals five, extremely minute, roundifli, from 
the clefts of the calyx. Stamina: filaments five, ca¬ 
pillary, length of the corolla, inferted into the calyx, 
alternate with the petals. Anthers eretf, twin. Pif- 
tillum : germ inferior, dyle filiform, longer than the 
damens. Stigma obtufe, (two-lobed, Houjlmin.) Perian- 
thiurri: berry dry, roundiffi, coloured, one-celled. (Fruit 
five-ribbed, H.) Seed : Tingle, roundidi, large.— EJJen~ 
tial CharaEltr. Petals five, together with the dameiis 
inferted into the bell-fiiaped corolla : berry dry, inferior, 
containing one feed. 
Gronovia fcandens, or climbing gronovia, a fingle fpe- 
cies. It is an annual plant, which fends forth many 
trailing branches like thofe of the cucumber, clofely fet 
with broad leaves, in fiiape like vine-leaves; thofe on 
the dalk are covered with fmall fpines, of rather hook¬ 
ed hairs, which ding like the nettle : the branches have 
many tendrils, by which,they faden themfelves to other 
plants, and thus will rife to the height of fix or eight 
feet. The flowers are fmall, axillary and in bunches, 
of a greenifli yellow colour, and make no great appear¬ 
ance. It has a drong fmell. The leaves refemble 
thofe of bryony, are rqugh and dinging. Peduncles 
many-flowered axillary. It maybe doubted whether 
it is not more truly polypetalous, and allied to the Opa- 
grae. Difcovered by Dr. Houdoun at Vera Cruz, 
whence he fent the feeds to Europe about 1731. Being 
a very tender plant, it mud be raifed on a hot-bed early 
in the fpring, and afterwards placed in the bark-dove, 
and treated in the fame way as the Momordica. Thus 
it will produce ripe feeds: but no ufe of it being known, 
and having little beauty, it is not cultivated except in 
botanic gardens. 
GRONO'VTUS (John Frederic), "an eminent phi— 
lologid, born at Hamburgh in 1611. He received a 
learned education, and afterwards travelled into Ger¬ 
many, France, and Italy, for improvement. He refided 
for fome time at Deventer, whence the reputation he ac¬ 
quired caufed him to be invited to Leyden to occupy 
the profeflorffiip of Greek and the belles-lettres, vacant 
by the death of Daniel Heinfuts. He died in that city 
in 1672. He was the author of many efteemed works 
and editions of the claffics. In 1637 he publiflted a dif- 
fertation on the Sylvae of Statius, and in. 1639 three books 
of Obfervations, containing corrections and explanations 
of many paffages in the ancients. His.work on the ec„ 
clefiaftical writers appeared in 1.631. He publiihed in 
1656 an excellent treatife on the Sefterce, which was. 
afterwards reprinted at Leyden in 4to. 1691, under the 
title De Vetere Pecunia. The authors which he edited 
were. Plautus, Salluft, Livy, Seneca, Pliny, Quintilian, 
and A. Gellius. 
GRONO'VIUS (James), a learned critic, fon of the 
preceding, born at Deventer in 1645. He was early ini¬ 
tiated into the itudy of the claffics, and of law, in which 
he made a rapid progrefs. In 1668 he travelled into 
England, where he became acquainted with the learned 
men of both uriiverfities and in the capital. He after¬ 
wards vifited France and Flanders : and in 1672 accom¬ 
panied M. Poets, ambaflador from the Stajes-general to 
Spain: in his way back through Italy lie w^s received 
