50 GRULUS, 
49.Gryllus pun&ulatus : grey-brown; wing-cafes 
hyaline with a brown dot; thorax elongated; flefh- 
■ colour wing's and antennte very long. Inhabits Penfyl- 
vania.—Thefe three firff divifions of theLocufts are ex¬ 
emplified in the Gryllus Plate I. where fig. 1. re- 
prefents the nafutus; 2. the gigantseus; 3. the bipunc- 
tatus; 4. the granulatus; 5. the mole-cricket ; 6. the 
female of the lame; 7. the monftrofus; 8. the meni- 
branaceus. 
IV. Locusta. Antennae fetaceous ; feelers unequal; 
male with an ocellate fpot at the bafe of each wing- 
cafe ; tail of the female armed with a fword-like pro¬ 
jection. This divifion includes rtiany of the grafshop- 
pers commonly fo called. The female gnrfshopper car¬ 
ries, at the extremity of her abdomen, a kind of fer- 
rated fpifte, compofed of two lamime, and in lhape 
broad, and turned up like the blade of a cutlafs. Thefe 
.implements are employed by the female in digging in the 
ground, or in wood, holes for the reception of her ova ; 
and this being a function in which the male has no lhare, 
lie is unprovided with the inftruments by which it is 
performed. The female grafshopper poffeffes an amaz¬ 
ing fecundity ; Ihe regularly depofits from four to feven 
hundred eggs at a time. The wonderful precautions 
which Ihe takes for providing them fecurity, and food 
for the young as foon as they are difclofed, merit our 
particular.notice. With that lancet, which we have 
already defcribed, (he excavates a number of holes in 
,the dried branch of a tree ; into each of thefe holes eight 
or ten of her eggs are dropped; there they are lur- 
rounded with that kind of food which is moll data¬ 
ble for them in their larvae (late. The difpofition of 
'the eggs is in rows, and placed in the middle of the 
trees-, the foft fubftance of which is the firft food of the 
infeCt after it leaves the ovum. The infeCt that pio- 
ceeds from each of thefe eggs, after it has grown for 
fome time,, and before reaching a fize incompatible 
with efcaping by the narrow mouth of the hole, takes a 
final departure from the place of its birth. 
The larvae having thus left their egg date, and ac¬ 
quired the ufe of their limbs, the two anterior of which 
lire formed for digging the ground, foon apply them to 
that purpofe, and excavate for thenifelves a fubterra- 
neous retreat among the roots of plants, which they 
gnaw, and fupport themfelves upon the juices that ex. 
fude from them. In this (late they remain till they are 
ready to undergo another transformation, which intro¬ 
duces them into the open air in the fosm of winged 
infedls, A fliort time after, the grafshopper appears in 
its laftftageof perfection; it fpreads over the meadows, 
which it fills with its chirruping (trains, which are the 
calls of the male inviting the female to love. Some natu- 
raliits are of opinion that the notes of the grafshopper 
are produced by rubbing the two hind legs of the ani¬ 
mal againft each other. Reaumur and Linnaeus, who 
minutely examined thefe infeCts, derive their vocal 
powers from a very different fource. On examining.the 
male, his body has been found provided with a fmall 
hole below the infertion of each wing, delicately con- 
ffrutted with organs of found within, and covered over 
externally with a fine tranfparent membrane; It is by 
means of thefe organs, which, in the completenefs 
and delicacy of their (tructure, may vie with thofe of 
the human voice, that fome fpecies of the grafshoppers 
produce their melody. The cicada of the ancients, fo 
famous for beguiling the labours of the luifbandman by 
his melodious notes, is an animal very different from 
our grafshopper. 'Ihe former either, walked of Hew ; 
and it was from the fummit of a tree that it poured forth 
thole delicate notes, fo much celebrated by the Grecian 
poet. See the article Cicada. 
The note of the grafshopper is feldom heard without 
being returned by another male of the fame fpecies ; 
and the two little animals; after many mutual infults of 
this kind, are feen to meet and fight defperately. The 
female is generally the reward of vidtory; for, after the 
combat, the male feizes her with his teeth behind the 
neck, and thus keeps her for feveral hours, till the bufi- 
nefs of fecundation is performed: they are at that time 
fo ffrongly united, that they can fcarcely be feparated 
without tearing them afunder. After fecundation by 
the male, and towards tlte •clofe of fummer, the female 
is feen diffended with feeds of a future family ; and (lie 
prepares for depofiting her numerous ova in the manner 
we have already mentioned. The eggs are white, of an 
oval (hape, and horny confiftency. In fize, they are 
nearly equal to a grain of anife; and while in the body 
of the female, they are inveloped within a coverinov 
branched all over with veins and arteries. In this form 
they remain depofited under the furface of the earth, or 
inclofed in wood, apparently unaffected by the ri°our 
of winter, till the genial heat of fpring begins to hatch 
and vivify them. Then, the fun beginning with its 
warmth to animate all nature, the infect eggs feel its 
benign influence; and generally about the beginning of 
May, each egg produces a larva about the fize of a flea,, 
at firft of a white colour, but afterwards gradually turn¬ 
ing brown. After having taken thefe meafures for per¬ 
petuating her kind, the parent animal does not long fur. 
vive ; as the winter approaches, file dries up, feems to 
feel the effe£ts of age, and dies from a total decay.. 
Some aflert that the is killed by the cold ; others, that 
(he is eaten by worms; but certain it is, that neither 
male nor female are feen to furvive the winter. 
When examined internally, the grafshopper difeovers 
a very fingular and complicated ftrudhire of vifeera - y 
befides the gullet, there is obferved a fmall ftomach; 
and behind that a very large one; ftill lower down, 
there is yet a third : fo that it is not with'out fome foufi- 
dation, that all the animals-of this tribe have been fup- 
pofed to chew the cud, as they fo much refemble rumi¬ 
nating animals in their internal conformation. Arifiotle 
informs us, that they were greedily fought after as a 
delicate morfel by the Greeks; and that the feafon 
when they were deemed mod delicious was a (hort time 
before they left their chryfalis (late. The metamor- 
-phofis from that ffate is performed with great difficulty 
and agitation; many perilh in this fevere effort of na¬ 
ture, and thofe who furvive are for fome time in a lan¬ 
guid and debilitated (late. 
50. Gryllus citrifolius: thorax nearly quadrangular, 
the angles crenate. Antennae nearly as long as the body ; 
wing-cafes green, leaf-like, with red nerves; legs.ferru¬ 
ginous. Inhabits India. 
51. 'Gryllus laurifolius : thorax nearly quadrangular, 
fmooth; wings moffly longer than the wing-cafes. 
Thorax yellowifii; wing-cafes^gibbous, green, leaf-like, 
with red nerves ; wings hyaline green, at the tip; thighs 
yellowifii; thanks and tavfi green. Inhabits America. 
52. Gryllus myrtifolius: thorax nearly triangular, 
fmooth ; wings deflected, longer than the wing-cafes ; 
fvvord very fhort, recurved. Half the fize of the laft; 
tail of the male with a clavate forked lamina. Inhabits 
America. 
53. Gryllus feneftratus: thorax fmooth; wing-cafes 
green; legs very fpinous. Antennae very long, brown; 
head varied with black and brown; thorax fmooth 
green, rounded behind and black; wing-cafes with two 
fpots in the middle and three fmall ocellate fpots; 
wipgs white; body greeniih with a (harp tooth on the 
back. Inhabits Eaff India; large. 
54. Gryllus camellifolius : thorax defledled ; wing- 
cafes concave, rounded! at the tip and longer than the 
wings. Thorax of three fegments,. defledled at the 
fides, rounded behind ; abdomen greenifh, the fword 
afcending, green tipt with brown; legs greenifii ; thighs 
fpinous. Inhabits America. 
■55. Gryllus pleifyliusi thorax fubcarinate; wing- 
cales 
