G U I 
captivity. Even in this fituation his ardour for botany 
did not fubfide, for he dill continued to increase his ca. 
talogin? of plants. The celebrated Fallopius, then di¬ 
rector of the botanical garden at Padua, paid his raft- 
fom, and procured him the ledturelhip of botany at that 
univerlity in 1561. He gave fo much fatisfadlion in 
this port, that his falary was raifed to fix hundred flo¬ 
rins. He died at Padua in 1589, and out of gratitude 
bequeathed his library to the Venetian date. His 
writings are : 1. De Stirpibus aliquot Epijlola, 1558, 4to. 
3. Theon adverfus Mattheolum , an angry controverfy with 
that eminent botanid. 3. De Papyro, i. e. Commentarius in 
iria Plinii de Papyro Capita , 1512, 4to. This is a perform¬ 
ance of great erudition, liidorical, claflical, and medi¬ 
cal, in which the author is fo immerfed, that he gives 
no defcription of the papyrus itfelf, though he faw it 
growing in Egypt. After his death his Synonyma Plan- 
tarum was publiftted by Schenckius, at Frankfort, 1608 : 
it is a dictionary, in which the Greek names of plants 
are conciliated with the Latin, both ancient and modern. 
GUILD, f. [gilbpip, Sax.'a fellowfliip, a corpora¬ 
tion.] Afociety; a corporation ; a fraternity or com¬ 
pany, combined together by orders and laws made 
among themfelves by their prince’s licence. Hence 
the common word gild or guildhall proceeds, being a fra¬ 
ternity or commonalty of men gathered into one com¬ 
bination, fupporting their common charge by mutual 
contribution. Cowel. —In woollen cloth it appears, by 
tltofe ancient guilds that were fettled in England for this 
manufacture,_ that this kingdom greatly flourilhed in 
that art. Hale. 
As when the long-ear’d milky mothers wait 
At fome fick miler’s triple-bolted gate, 
For their defrauded abfent foals they make 
A moan fo loud, that all the guild awake. Pope. 
It Was about the clofe of the eleventh century, fays 
Anderfon, in his Hidory of Commerce, vol. i. p. 70, 
that merchant-guilds, or fraternities, which were after¬ 
wards dyled corporations, came fird into general ufe 
in many parts of Europe. Mr. Madox, in his Firma 
Burgi, chap. L thinks they were hardly known to our 
Saxon progenitors, and that they might be probably 
brought.into England by the Normans; although they 
do not feem to have been very numerous in thofe days. 
The French and Normans might probably borrow them 
from the free cities of Italy, where trade and manufac¬ 
tures were rnuch earlier propagated, and where poflibly 
fuch communities were firft in ufe. They confided of 
both fexes and of all ranks, who at. their admiffion con¬ 
tributed to the maintenance of the fociety in proportion 
to their circumdances. Three annual officers governed 
them : an alderman who prefided, and two treafurers. 
They had alfo a body of ftatutes which on their admif* 
lion they were fworn to obferve. 
GUILD MER'CHANT, /. A merchant intitled to 
certain privileges; a privilege by which merchants are 
authorifed to hold pleas of law within their own pre- 
cinCts. Scott. 
GUILD'-RENTS,/. Rents payable to the crown by 
any guild or fraternity ; or fuch rents as formerly be¬ 
longed to religious guilds, and came to the crown at 
the, general dilfolution of monaderies, being ordered to 
be fold by the flat. 22 Car. II. c. 6. 
GUIL'DER, f. [ gulden , Dut. and Germ.] A Dutch 
coin, in value about 2s. or is. rod. derling; that of 
Germany pafles in all or mod parts for about 2s. 8d. 
xcepting the guilder of Mifnia, which is about 3s. id. 
GUILD'FORD, the metropolis of the county of Sur¬ 
rey, delightfully fituated in a mod healthful air, on the 
fide of a hill of chalk, clofe by the river Wey, and was 
anciently a royal Saxon deWfne. King Alfred devifed 
it to his nephew Ethelwald; and feveral of our fuc- 
ceeding monarchs, down to queen Elizabeth, occafion- 
ally refided here. In 1036, prince Alfred, the fon of 
king Etheldred, coming out of Normandy, with fix 
Vol, IX. No. 568. 
GUI 85 
hundred attendants, to claim the crown of England, is 
faid to have been feized here, and very ill-treated, by 
the treachery of Godwin earl of Kent. After the con- 
quefl it continued to be a very coofiderable place; and 
here king John kept his birth-day, probably in the cat¬ 
tle, the remains of which are fubfifiing, especially the. 
fquare-tower, or keep, which continues very firong, but 
is without a roof. When the cafile was firft built, is 
unknown;'but it was danding in 1034. Hidory fliews 
that it was taken by the dauphin of France in 1216, and 
that king James in 1611 granted it in fee to Francis Car¬ 
ter. In 1297, the cudody of it was committed to Wil¬ 
liam Aquillon, dteriff of Surrey and SuflTex. Since that 
time it has gradually funk into ruins. The roof of the 
tower fell in April 23, 1700. 
Here are fome remains of a palace of great extent, 
which, as appears by the bed authorities, was the refi- 
dence of Ethelwald, one of the Saxon kings, upwards 
of eight hundred years ago. It alfo appears from the 
foundations that have been dug up, at fome didance 
from the place where the ruins ftand, that the whole 
declivity of the hill on the ead fide of the piver Wey 
was occupied by this monarch. 
The town is a corporation by prefcription, has an 
elegant town-hall and council-chamber, and its privi¬ 
leges have been enlarged by feveral charters. It con- 
fids of a mayor, feven magidrates, and about twenty 
bailiffs, by the Itile of the Mayor and Approved Men of 
Guildford, whoaflemble and hold a court in their guild¬ 
hall every three weeks, and are veded with power at 
their general feffion's of judging criminals to death. By 
a grant in 1256, the county-court and affizes for Surrey 
are to be held here for ever. By another grant of James I. 
the mayor and recorder and two of the approved men 
are annually judices of the peace in and for the faid 
corporation and liberties of Stoke-above-Bar, ancLthe. 
mayor continues in the commiffion the year after his 
mayoralty expires. This town, which was incorporated 
by Henry I. gives the title of earl to the noble family 
of North. It fent members to parliament anno 23 Ed¬ 
ward I. The mayor is the returning-officer. 
There are three parifli-churches here, Trinity, St. 
Mary, and St. Nicholas; the lad in the patronage of 
the dean of Sarum ; the two fird have long been veded 
in the crown, and were confolidated and augmented in 
1688 by the legiflature, aided by private benefaftions. 
The upper (or Trinity) church fell down in May 1740. 
There was preaching in it the Sunday before, and work¬ 
men were employed in taking down the bells and deeple ; 
but they had quitted the fpot about a quarter of an 
hour before the accident happened, fo that not one per- 
fon received any hurt, though great numbers were fpec- 
tators, it being their fair-day. Three bells had been 
taken down, and the other three fell with the deeple, 
which broke the body of the church to pieces. It has 
been fince rebuilt with brick, and is now a neat and ele¬ 
gant drufture. 
Here is an ancient and curious building of the Gothip 
order, called the Friary , in one part whereof the judges 
are accommodated during their day at the affizes; and 
the aflemblies and public feads are ufually kept here. 
This friary formerly belonged to an order of mendi¬ 
cants, but when founded is uncertain. 
The grammar-fchool, which is a noble drudture of 
the Gothic order, was founded and endowed in 1509 
by Robert Beckingham, of London, grocer, and lias 
been liberally augmented by the contributions of feve¬ 
ral, before, in, and after, the time of king Edward VI. 
who, by his letters patent in 1551, edabliflied it into a 
free grammar-fchool, by the name of Schola Regia Gram- 
maticalis Edwardi Sexti, and gave thereto twenty pounds 
per annum for ever. After whom William Hammond, 
efq. and Dr. John Parkhurd bifltop of Norwich, were 
very liberal to the fame ; and it is at this time in a very 
flouridling date. At this fchool have been educated 
fome very eminent perfons, one of whom was George 
Z Abbott, 
