GUI 
ment of the Higher Alps, ahd chief place of a canton, 
in the diftrid of Embroil ; taken by prince Eugene in 
the year 169* : three leagues north-north-weft of Em- 
brun. 
GUIL'LET de SAINT GEORGE (George), born 
in 1 625 at Thiers in Auvergne, and the firft lviftorio- 
grapher of the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, to 
which office he was elected in 1682. He died at Paris 
in 1705. He made himfelf refpeiSted by feveral works, 
efpecially by his Athene Avcienne £3 Ncuvdle, 1675, nmo. 
and Laccdemoine Andenne £3 Nouvelle, 1676'. His Athens was 
warmly attacked by Spon, in his Voyage de Grece ; and a 
controverfy eniued, in which Guiilet at lead: displayed 
much erudition, with a polite and lively ftyle of wri¬ 
ting. His other works are, 3. A Hiftory of the Grand 
Viziers Coprogli, &c. 1676. 4. The Life of Maho¬ 
met IT. 1681. 5. The Hiftory of Caftrucio Caftracani, 
tranflated from the Italian of Machiavel. 6 . Les Arts 
de I’Homme d'Epe'e, ou DiElionnaire du Gentilhomme, 2 vols. 
1670. 
GUILLIAU'D (Claude), -a learned French divine, 
native of Villa-Franca, in the Beaujolois* He purfued 
his ftudies at Paris, where he became a doftor of the 
faculty of the Sorbonne, and acquired much reputation 
by the letlures which he delivered on the facred Scrip¬ 
tures. He was alfo promoted to a cancnry and prebend 
in the cathedral church of Autun. His age and the 
time of his death are equally unknown. He was the 
author of, 1. Commentaries on the Gofpel of St. Mat¬ 
thew, 1550, folio. 2. Commentaries on the Gofpel of 
St. John, 1562, folio. 3. Commentaries on the Epiftles 
of St. Paul, and on all the canonical epiftles, under the 
title of, Collationes in Omnes D. Pauli Epiftolas, See. 1344, 
8vo. 4. Homilies for Lent, 1560. 
GUIL'LIM (John), fon of John Guillim, of Weft- 
bury in Gloucefterlhire, born in Herefordlhire in 1565. 
He was firft fent to a grammar-fehool at Oxford, and 
entered a ftudent of Brazen-nofe college, in 1581. 
Having completed his purfuits in literature in the uni- 
verfity, he came to London, and was made a member 
of the fociety of the college of arms, by the title of 
Portfmouth ; and afterwards promoted to the honours of 
rouge-croix pourfuivant of arms in ordinary, in 1617 ; 
in which office he continued till his death, in 1621. 
His claim to literary fame arifes from his celebrated 
work, entitled, The Difplay of Heraldry, publifhed by 
him in 1610, folio, which has gone through many edi¬ 
tions. To the fifth, which came out in 1679, was added 
a Treatife of Honour, civil and military, by captain 
John Loggan. The laft was publifhed, with very large 
additions, in 1724. This appears to have been one of 
the earlieft general t’reatifes on the fcience of heraldry 
in the Englifh language ; and when we confider the 
technical language and nice diferimination which muft 
neceffarily be employed in the compilation of heraldic 
hiftory, this work, for the time inwhich it was written, 
muft, with-all its faults, be allowed to poffefs a confi- 
derable (hare of profeffional merit. 
GUILLON', a town of France, in the department of 
the Yonne, and chief place of a canton, in the diftribt 
of Avallon: feven miles eaft of Avallon. 
GUILLOTI'NE, f. [French.] An inftrument cal¬ 
culated for the decapitation of criminals, of very an¬ 
cient invention, but called *into ufe during the late fan- 
guinary revolution in France, on the recommendation 
of M. Guillotine, who received a reward from the na¬ 
tional affembly for a model of it; and hence it took 
his name. It has been faid, however, that this inge¬ 
nious phyfician, falling afterwards under the difpleafure 
of Robefpierre, fuffered death by the ftroke of his own 
inftrument. The machine con fills of two upright ports, 
ten feet high, joined at the top by a horizontal piece 
of timber. At four feet from the bbttom is a crofs- 
bar on which, the neck of the criminal is laid, and 
over that falls a fimilar bar, Ihaped to receive the 
GUI 87 
neck, like the board of a pillory. On the inner faces 
of the frame are grooves, along which the extreme 
edges of an axe Aide up and down, and which, in fall¬ 
ing, with a heavy mafs of lead fixed to its upper part, 
fevers the culprit’s head from’his body by a Aiding cut. 
The upright fide of the axe is wholly included in the 
groove which guides it, by means of a cord and pulley. 
The criminal is tied to a board, fo as to lay the body 
horizontally with the face downwards, and with the 
head advanced over a baficet placed for its reception- 
The tiring being loofened by the executioner, the axe 
defeends, and the head is fevered in an inftant. This 
machine, during the tyranny of Robefpierre, was called 
the national razor. The facility of execution by its 
means is wonderful. Samfon, the guillotinift of Paris; 
worked it with fuch rapidity, that, including the pre¬ 
parations of the punifiunent, he was known to cut off 
forty-five heads, the one after the other, in the foort 
fpace of fifteen minutes ; fo that it required no more 
than twenty-three minutes and tw'enty feconds, to de¬ 
capitate feventy perfons!—For an idea of the figure or 
contlruflion of the guillotine, fee the entablature at 
the foot of the portrait of the unfortunate Louis XVI. 
vol. vii. p. 788. 
A fimilar machine once exifted in England, but was 
confined in its ufe to the province of Hardwick, or the 
places within its precimff. The execution was gene¬ 
rally at Halifax. This machine has been long dertroyed; 
but one of the fame kind is in a room under the par- 
liament-houfe at Edinburgh, where the ufe of it was 
introduced by the earl of Morton, who tooka model of 
it as he parted through Halifax; and he, wonderful to 
relate, had the misfortune to fuller by it himfelf. In 
England and Scotland it was called a Maiden ; which 
fee.—A fimilar inftrument was ufed by the Romans un¬ 
der the name of tympanum. Euphorion, of Chalcis, 
quoted by Athenasus, p. 154, tells us,that to be tympa- 
nized was to have the head cut off by an axe. Ac¬ 
cording to Photius, the tympanum was a machine of 
wood, with which the criminal was ftruck and decol¬ 
lated. 
GUILT, f. [gilt, Sax. originally fignified the fine 
or mulbl paid for an offence, and afterwards the offence 
itfelf.] The ftate of a man juftly charged with a crime; 
the contrary to innocence.—It was neither guilt of 
crime, nor reafon of ftate, that could quench the envy 
that was upon the king. Bacon. —When thefe two .are 
taken away, the poflibility of guilt, and the portability 
of innocence,. what reftraint can lie upon man. Ham* 
mond. —A crime ; an offence 
Clofe pent-up guilts 
Rive your concealing continents,, and aftc 
Thefe dreadful fummoners grace. Skakefpeare.. 
GUILT'ILY, adv. Without innocence 4 without 
clearnefs of confidence: 
Bloody and guilty ; guiltily awakte, 
And in a bloody battle end thy days.. Skakefpeare - 
GUILT'INESS, f The ftate of being guilty ; wick- 
ednefs; confcionfnefs of crime.—He thought his Right 
rather to proceed of a fearful guiltinefs than of an hum¬ 
ble faithfulnefs. Sidney. 
The laft was I that felt thy tyranny,. 
Oh ! in the battle think on Buckingham, 
And die in terror of thy guiltinefs. ShaRefpeare - 
GUILT'LESS, adj. Innocent; free from crime.— 
Then lhall the man be guiltlefs from iniquity,, and this 
woman ftiall bear her iniquity. Num. v. 31. 
Thou know’ll how guiltlefs-. firft I met thy flame,. 
When love approach’d me under friendflrip’s name. Pope. 
GUILT'LESSLY, adv. Without guilt; innocently. 
GUILT'LESSNESS, f. Innocence ; freedom from 
crime.—-I would not have had any hand in his death,, 
of 
