a u n 
Milburne of Yorkfhire about the year 1650. Alfo, in 
1657, on th'e prefent common Aiding- rule, by Seth Par¬ 
tridge. 
Mr. William Nicholfon has propofed another difpo- 
fiotion of them, on concentric circles, in the Philof- 
Tranf. an. 1787, p. 251. His inftrument is equivalent 
to a ftraight rule of a8| inches long. It confifts of three 
concentric circles, engraved and graduated on a plate of 
about if inch in diameter. From the centre proceed 
two legs, having right-lined edges in the direction of 
radii; which are moveable either fingly, or together. 
To ufe this : inftrument ; place the edge of one.leg at 
the antecedent of any proportion, and the other at the 
confeqyent, and fix them to that angle : the two legs 
being then moved together, and the antecedent leg- 
placed at any other number, the other leg gives its con- 
l'equent in the like po/ition or fituation on the lines. 
The whole length of the line is divided into two equal 
intervals, or radii, of 9 larger divifions in each radius, 
which are numbered from 1 to 10, the 1 Handing at the 
beginning of the line, beeaufe the logarithm of 1 is o, 
and the 10 at the end of each radius ; alfo each of thefe 
9 {paces is fubdivided into 10 other parts, unequal ac¬ 
cording to the logarithms of numbers • the fmaller di¬ 
vifions being always xoths of the larger; thus, if the 
large divifion be units or ones, the fmaller are tenth- 
parts ; if the larger be tens, the fmaller are ones; and 
if the larger be 100’s, the fmaller are 10’s ; See. 
1. To find the ProduSi of two Numbers. —Extend the com- 
pafi'es from 1 to either of rite numbers, and that extent 
will reach the fame way from the other number to the 
product. Thus, to multiply 7 and 5 together; extend 
the compares from 1 to 5, and the extent will reach 
from 7 to 35, which is the produff. 
2. To divide one Number by another. —Extend the com- 
pafles from tlje divifor to 1, and that extent will reach 
the fame way from the dividend to the quotient. Thus, 
to divide 35 by 5 ; extend the. compares from 5 to 1, 
and that extent will reach from 35 to 7, which is the 
quotient. 
3. To find a 4th Proportional to three given Numbers', as 
fuppole to 6, 9, and 10.—Extend from 6 to 9, and that 
extent will reach from 10 to 15, which is the 4th pro¬ 
portional fought. And the fame way a 3d proportional 
is found to two given terms, extending from the iff to 
, the 2d, and then from the 2d to the 3d. 
4. To find a Mean Proportional between two given Numbers, 
as fuppofe between 7 and 28.— Extend from 7 to 28, 
and bifedt that extent; then its half will reach from 7 
forward, or from 28 backward, to 14, the mean propor¬ 
tional between them.—Alfo, to extraff the fquare root, 
as of 25, which is only finding a mean proportional be¬ 
tween 1 and the given fquare 25, bifedt the diftance be¬ 
tween 1 and 25, and the half will reach from 1 to 5, the 
root fought.—in like manner the cubic or 3d root, or 
the 4th, 5th, or any higher root, is found, by taking 
the extent between 1 and the given power; then take 
fuch part of it as is denoted by the index of .the root, 
viz. the 3d part for the cube root, the 4th part for the 
4th root, and fo on, and that part will reach from 1 to 
the root fought. If tire line on the fcale or rule have 
a Aider, this is to be ufed inftead of the compalfes. 
GUNTER’S QUA'DRANT, a quadrant made of 
wood, brafs, or fome other fubftance ; being a kind of 
llereographic'projedFion on the plane of the equinodtial, 
.the eye being fuppofed in one of the poles : fo that the 
tropic, ecliptic, and horizon, form the arches of cir¬ 
cles, but the hour circles other curves, drawn by means 
of feveral altitudes of the fun for fome particular lati¬ 
tude every day in the year. The ufe of this inftrument 
is to find the hour of the day, the lun’s azimuth, and 
other common problems of the fphere or globe ; as alfo 
to take the altitude ot an objett in degrees. See the 
article Quadrant. 
GUN'TER’s SCALE, ufually called by feamen the 
GUN 121 
Gunter; a large plain fcale, having various lines 
upon it, of great ufe in working the cafes or queflions in 
navigation. This fcale is ufually two feet long, and 
about an inch and a half broad, with various lines upon 
it, both natural and logarithmic, relating to trigonome¬ 
try, navigation, &c. On one fide are the natural lines, 
and on the other the artificial or logarithmic ones. The 
former fide is firfi divided into inches and tenths, and 
numbered from 1 to 24 inches, running the whole length 
near one edge. One half the length of this fide confifts- 
of two plane diagonal feales, for taking off dimenfions 
to three places of figures. On the other half or foot of 
this fide, are contained various lines relating to trigo¬ 
nometry, in the natural numbers, and marked thus, viz* 
Rumb, the rumbs or points of the compafs,. 
Chord, the line of chords, 
Sine, the line of fines, 
Tang, the tangents, 
5 . T. the femitangents. 
And at the other end of this half are 
Leag. leagues, or equal parts, 
Rumb. another line of rumbs, <*< 
M. L. miles of longitude, 
Chor. another line of chords. 
Alfo in, the middle of this foot are L. and P. .two other 
lines of equal parts. And all thefe lines on this fide of 
the fcale ferve for drawing or laying down the figures to 
the cafes in trigonometry and navigation. On the other 
fide, of thej-ule are the following artificial or logarith-« 
mic lines, which ferve for working or re.foLving thofe 
cafes ; viz. 
S. R. the fine rumbs, 
T. R. the tangent rumbs. 
Numb, line of numbers,. 
Sine, Sines, 
V. S. the verfed fines, 
Tang, the tangents, 
Meri. Meridional-parts, 
E. P. Equal parts. 
The late Mr. John Robertfon, librarian to the Royal 
Society, greatly improved this fcale, both as to fize and 
accuracy, for the ufe of mariners. He extended it to ; 
thirty inches long, two inches broad, and half an inch 
thick ; upon which the feveral lines are very accurate¬ 
ly laid down. Mr. Robertfon died before his hfiproved 
feales were publiihed ; but the account and deferiptiom 
of them were fupplied and drawn up by his friend Mr. 
William Mountaine, and publifiied in 1778. 
GUN'TERSBERG, a town of Germany, in the cir¬ 
cle of Upper Saxony, .and duchy -of Anhalt Bernburg 
eight' miles weft of Hartzgerode, and fifty-two weft- 
fouth-weft of Deflau. j 
GUNTOO'R, a circar of Hindooftan, immediately 
north of the Carnatic, and fouth of theKiftnah; and 
extending along the coaft of the Bay of Bengal about 
forty miles: lately ceded to the Englilh. It is called 
alfo the circar of Condavir ; and the circar of Mortizana- 
gar: the, fea-coaft is flafij but there are feveral fortrelfes 
and ftrong towns in the interior part. 
GUNXZ, or Kes'seg, atownof Hungary, fituated 
on a river of the fame' name, with a caftle, lurrounded 
by a ra,mpart and a ditch, in a country abounding in 
corn and wine: nine miles north-weft of Sarvar, and 
forty fouth of Vienna. 
GUNT'ZELSTORFF, a town of Germany, in the 
archduchy of Auftria, fituated on the Trie-fling: five 
miles fouth-eaft of Baden- 
GUNTZ'KIRCHEN, atownof Germany, in the 
archduchy of Auftria : four miles weft of Weis. 
GUN'WALE, oi-Gun'NEL, of^a Ship. See the ar¬ 
ticle Naval Architecture. 
GUNZ, a river of Germany, in the circle of Swabia, 
which runs into the Danube near Gunzburg. . 
GUNZ'BURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
Swabia, and marggraviate of Burgau, fituated at the con¬ 
flux. 
