H A E 
1 ° I 559 » Haerlem was eretled into a bifliopric by pope 
Paul IV. at the defire of Philip II. king of Spain. The 
cathedral is a magnificent ftruCture, and is faid to be 
the largeft church in Holland ; it was built towards the 
end of the fifteenth century, by Albert count of Hol¬ 
land. • The tower, which is very handfome, was built 
in 1516. The bifliopric of Haerlem comprehended Am- 
fierdam, Alkmaar, Monnikendam Edam, Turmerenda, 
Hoorn, Enkhuigen, and Medanbick : befides many in¬ 
ferior towns and villages, and feventy-two monafteries. 
Haerlem remained an epifcopal fee for twenty years, 
when the reformed or calviniftic mode of worfliip was 
eftabliflied : but the adherents of the Roman-catholic 
faith are ftill very numerous; and they infcribe the let¬ 
ter C on the front of their houfes, to fave the eftablifhed 
clergy the trouble of knocking at their doors in the 
jcourfe of their paftoral vifits to their own fraternity. 
The anabaptifts are alfo very numerous at Haerlem, 
where the feCt is known by the name of Mennonites, which 
appellation they derive from Menno, a celebrated mif¬ 
fionary of the baptift perfuafion in the fixteenth century. 
It is fpoken highly to their credit, that there are fcarcely 
any where men of more liberal fenti'ments, or who un- 
derftand the true fpiritof Chriftianity better, than many 
of the Dutch Mennonites. 
There is nothing at Haerlem more deferring the at¬ 
tention of the curious than the organ in the great church, 
which is univerfally allowed to be a chef d’oeuvre in that 
fpeciesof mechanifm ; it lias flood in the church upwards 
of feventy years, and was made by Chriflian Muller, a 
citizen of Haerlem. It confifts of eight thoufand pipes ; 
the largeft are thirty-eight feet long, and fixteen inches 
in diameter. There are fixty-eight flops, of which the 
moil wonderful is the'wx humana, fo exactly imitative 
of the human voice, both in the bafs, tenor, and treble, 
that it is difficult to difcern it from real voices: there 
are other pipes, equally wonderful in the imitative notes 
of different birds ; and the kettle-drum flop is beyond 
imagination. 
The famous fiege of Haerlem followed that of Zut- 
plien, and preceded that of Leyden. It lafted ten months, 
and was carried on, to ufe fir W.Temple’swords, “with 
all the practices and returns of ignominy, cruelty, and 
fcorn, on both fides.” The befieging army was under 
the command of the duke of Alva’s fon, Frederic of 
Toledo, who, after he had fat before the place fix months, 
wrote to his father, in defpair, that he mull raife the 
fiege ; to which the duke is faid to have replied as fol¬ 
lows : “ If you have refolved to turn your back, I will 
get myfelf conveyed to the camp in my bed ; and, fhould 
my illnefs render this impracticable, I will fend to Spain 
for your mother, to lead the army to victory, in the room 
of her pufillanimous fon.” Don Frederic continued the 
fiege, which exhibited the moft cruel feenes of retalia¬ 
tion. The Spanifh general one day fent two heads into 
the town, with opprobrious and infulting inferiptions 
affixed to them; which the townlmen retaliated, by 
cutting off' the heads of eleven Spanifti prifoners ; ten of 
which they inclofed in a calk, which was conveyed to 
the camp of the befiegers, with this infeription : “ To 
the duke of Alva. You have demanded of us the tenth, 
and we refuted it; in confequence of which, you make 
waragainft us. We now pay you the tribute you require. 
Herewith you receive ten heads; therefore difeontinue 
the war. We have kept the eleventh head for the interejlr’ 
The extremity of famine compelled the inhabitants to 
furrender; after which they were treated with a degree 
of cruelty and bafenefs, which leaves an indelible (tain 
upon the name of Alva. The garrifon in the city, which 
confided of four thoufand, befides the citizens, was com¬ 
manded by Wibald Ripperda, who was compelled by 
the citizens to furrender, on the 14th of July, 1673. The 
city paid 100,oco florins to fave it from pillage. The 
governor, Ripperda, and his lieutenant, were beheaded ; 
the foldiers of the garrifon, reduced to feventeen hum 
VOL, IX. No. 574. 
H IE R 157 
dred men of different countries, were-all executed,,fome 
by the fword, fome by the rope, and others by drown¬ 
ing : all the magiftrates were put to death, as likewife 
the principal people of the city, and the prieffs. But 
the fate of Haerlem ferved only to infpire the Hollanders 
with the moft defperate valour; and the failure of the 
fiege of Alkmaar, together with a vidory obtained by 
the Zealanders over-the SpanifiT fleet, filled the haughty 
mind cf Alva with difguft at the fervice ; and, being 
moreover piqued at the refufal of reinforcements from 
Spain, he demanded his fecal. It is faid that this 
remorfelefs tyrant boafted, at the time of his refignation, 
that within the period of fix years, lie had made no lefs 
than eighteen thoufand heretics fuffer by the hands of 
the hangman! 
Haerlem gave birth to Laurence Collar, who, the na¬ 
tives infift, invented the art of printing; an honour, 
however, which Mentz and Strafburg have dil'puted, 
with better pretenfions. ,The houfe in which Laurence 
Collar lived is preferved with religious care, and adorned 
witli the following infeription, in letters of gold : — 
“ Memo rice facrum. Typographic1 ars artium confervairix, hie 
primum inventa circa annum 1440.”—A flattie has been 
ereCted to his memory in the botanic garden of Haerlem, 
which gave occafion to the following couplet; 
lilius arte artes omnes lingueequee renatee , 
Etfparfa in medio lux nova noEle flit. 
Haerlem has produced a number of excellent painters; 
and was once fo celebrated as a fchool of painting, that 
it was called a fecond Bologna. The famous architect Van 
Campen, who foymed the plan of the Hotel de Ville at 
Amfterdam, was a native cif this city. Haerlem is faid 
to excel every other place in bleaching linen; whence 
it derives a very considerable fliare of profit; and there 
are likewife flourilhing manufactories here of thread, 
tape, damafk-work, velvet, and filk. That ufeful and 
patriotic inftitution, which goes by the name of the 
CEconomical Society, was founded at Haerlem. Its ob¬ 
ject is to encourage the manufactures of Holland ; to 
adopt the moft effectual means for their improvement; 
and to reward the ingenuity and induftry of artizans. 
The Teylerian Society is well known to all the literati 
of Europe ; and under its aufpices the republic of let¬ 
ters has been enriched by many valuable productions. 
Haerlem has profited a good deal by the pailion for 
flowers, which has been carried to fuch a height that a 
tulip.root has been known to fell for not lefs than fopr 
or five thoufand florins. The Haerlem ftorifts are ftill 
faid to bear the moft valuable bloffoms in the moft cele¬ 
brated parterres upon the continent; and the 'flower- 
gardens in the environs of this city in the months of 
April and May exhibit a moft beautiful appearance. 
Mr. Dutehs fays he faw a hyacinth, in May, 1771, for 
which the owner refufed 10,000 florins. 
The city of Haerlem is of a fquare form, and is faid 
to contain about 45,000 inhabitants. The ffreets and 
buildings are for the moft part handfome; the market¬ 
place is fpacious, and has an air of confiderable gran¬ 
deur. The ftadthoufe is a noble building, fituated at 
one end of the market-place ; and in it are many valua¬ 
ble pictures; among the reft, the firft painting in oil 
by Eyert, in 1437, which during the fiege was fold for 
a few (livers, and is now valued at twothoufand pounds. 
There are four Dutch churches, one French, one Lu¬ 
theran, one Arminian, and four Anabaptift, befides pri¬ 
vate chapels for the Roman-catholics. It is fituated 
ten miles weft of Amfterdam. Lat. 52. 22. N. Ion. 22. 
z. E. Ferro. 
HAER'LEM MEER, a large lake of Holland, be¬ 
tween Amfterdam, Leyden, and Haerlem, navigable for 
boats. 
FIvERU'CA, f. In helmintology, a genus bf worms 
belonging to the order of inteftinae, the characters of 
which are as follow : Body round, the fore-part double- 
S f necked, 
