H A R 
varieties of the bodies formed out of them, in colour, 
tnfte, fmell, kardnefs, and fpecific gravity. Woodward .— 
Difficulty to be underftood : 
This label on my bofom 
Is fo from fenfe in hardnefs, that'I can 
Make no collection of it. Shakefpeare. 
Difficulty to be accompliffied.—Concerning our duty, 
the hardnefs thereof is not fuch as needeth much art. 
Hooker. —Scarcity ; penury : 
The tenants poor, the hardnefs of the times, 
Are all excufes for a fervant’s crimes. Swift . 
Obduracy; profligatenefs.—Every commiffion of fin in. 
troduces unto the foul a certain degree of hardnefs, and 
an aptnefs to Continue in that fin. South. —Coarfenefs ; 
liarffinefs of look.—By their virtuous behaviour they 
compenfate the hardnefs of their favour, and by the 
pulchritude of their fouls make up what is wanting in 
the beauty of their bodies. Ray. —Keennefs ; vehemence 
of weather or feafons.—If the hardnefs of the winter 
fliould fpoil the crop, neither'the lofs of feed .nor labour 
will be much. Mortimer. —Cruelty of temper; favage- 
nefs ; liarffinefs ; barbarity: 
They quicken fioth, perplexities unty, 
Make roughnefs fmooth, and hardnefs mollify. Denham, 
Stiffnefs; harlhnefs.—Sculptors are obliged to follow 
the manners of the painters, and to make many ample 
folds, which are infufferable hardnejfes, and more like a 
rock than a natural garment. Dryden. —Faulty parfimony; 
ftinginefs. 
Phyfiologifts define hardnefs to be that property in bo¬ 
dies, by which they refill indentation. It differs from 
tenacity, which is the oppofite quality to brittlenefs ; 
whereas hardnefs is the oppofite quality to foftnefs, or 
the difpofition which the parts of a folid body poffefs of 
eafily yielding without fraCture. Mineralogifis ufually 
afcertain the comparative hardnefs of bodies by rubbing 
the one againlt the other; any angular prominence of a 
harder body being capable of fcratching or inducing a 
mark upon the furface of a fofter. This is not an in¬ 
judicious method; though it may be rendered uncertain 
by the greater or lefs brittlenefs of the refpeCtive bodies. 
Thus hardened fieel will fcratch glafs, and will in re¬ 
turn be fcratched by glafs; the brittlenefs of the glafs 
caufing it to yield under the fteel, which is more tena¬ 
cious, though fofter. On this principle likewife it is 
that the keeneft edge-tools, and thofe bell calculated to 
cut hard bodies, are not hardened to the highelt temper 
the fteel is capable of, but to fuch a degree only as to 
retain much tenacity with a moderate hardnefs. The 
mechanical philofophers, at the beginning of the eigh¬ 
teenth century,, accounted for the liardnefs of bodies,- 
by fuppofing their particles to be of fuch a form as to 
apply to each other with large furfacesof contact. This 
doCtrine feems in fome meafure to be true, when applied 
to the cryftals of bodies on their affumption of the folid 
form. Sugar-candy, or the more flowly-formed cryftals 
of fugar, are harder, or perhaps lefs brittle, than loaf 
fugar, in which the fame fmall cryftals are more con- 
fufedly applied to each other : fo calcareous fpar is 
harder than chalk, &c. But how far this doctrine may 
apply to the hardnefs arifing from the hafty cryftallifa- 
tion of fteel and other bodies by immerfibn in water, re¬ 
mains yet to be fettled by future refearches. 
HAR'DOCK, f. The fame with burdock : 
Why he was met ev’n now 
Crown’d with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds, 
With hardocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers. Shakef. 
HAR'DOUIN (John), a French Jefuit, born in 164 6, 
at Quimper-Corentin, where his father was a bookfeller. 
He diftinguiffied himlelf at an early age by an extraor¬ 
dinary ardourffor ftudy; and in 1684 he prefented the 
learned world with a new edition of the orations of 
H A R 223 
Themiftius. Tn the fame year he publiffied Differtations 
on Ancient Medals. In 1685 he publilhed, for the ufe 
of the dauphin, an edition of Pliny the naturalift, of 
which he gave a fecond edition in 1723, in feveral vols. 
folio. He next publiffied the fyftem for which he be¬ 
came fo famous, in his Chronologia ex Nummis Antiquis refi- 
tuta, 4to. 1697. Here he attempts to prove, that all the 
works attributed to the ancients, are the fabrication of 
fome monks in the thirteenth century, with the except 
tion only of the works of Cicero ? Pliny’s Natural Hif- 
tory, Virgil’s Georgies, Horace’s Epiftles and Satires, 
and a very few more. An hypothefis fo adverfe to found 
fenfe and good tafte, was received with great indigna¬ 
tion by the learned of every denomination ; yet, though 
forced to a retractation by the Jefuits, he remained at¬ 
tached to his fyftem as long as he lived. Such, how¬ 
ever, was the opinion of his learning, that the French 
clergy employed him with an annual penfion in the pre¬ 
paration of a new edition of the Councils, which appeared 
from the Louvre prefs in 12 vols. folio, 1715. He after¬ 
wards engaged in a controverfy againft Courayer, on 
the validity of the ordinations of the Englifh church. 
He died at Paris, in 1729. After his death, was pub- 
liflied a collection of pieces left by him under the title 
of Opera Varia. A Commentary on the New Teftament, 
publiffied at Amfterdam in 1741, folio, and in 17 66 there 
appeared at London an oCtavo volume, entitled J. Har- 
douini ad Cenfuram Veterum Scriptorum Prolegomena , which 
difplays the principles of his paradoxical fyftem relative 
to the ancients. 
HARDO'YE, a town of Flanders : two miles and a 
half north-north-eaft of Rouffelaer. 
HARDS, f. The refufe or coarfer part of flax. 
HARD'SHIP, f. Injury; oppreffion.—They are ripe 
fora peace, to enjoy what we have conquered for them ; 
and fo are we, to recover the effeCts of their hardjhips 
upon us. Swift. —Inconvenience; fatigue.—They were 
expofed to hardfiip and penury. Spratt. 
In journeys or at home, in war or peace, 
By hardfiips many, many fall by eafe. Prior. 
HARDWARE,/. Manufactures of metal. 
HARD'WAREMAN,/. A maker or feller of metaL- 
line manufactures. 
HARD'WICK, a townffiip of the American States, 
in Caledonia county, Vermont. 
HARD'WICK, a townfliip of the American States, 
in Worcefter county, Maffachufetts, twenty-five miles 
north-weft of Worcefter, and feventy fouth-weft of Boffi 
ton. It is feparated from New Braintree and Ware, by 
Ware river. There are within this town 245 houfes, 
1725 inhabitants, five corn, and four faw, mills, and 
two clothiers’ manufactories. 
HARD'WICK, a townffiip of the American States, 
in Suffex county, New Jerfey : ten miles fouth-weft of 
Newton. 
HARD'WICK, a town of the American States, in 
Georgia, at the mouth of Ogeechee river, and about 
eighteen miles fouth-by-weft of Savannah. It has lately 
been made a port of entry. 
HARD'WICKE (Philip Yorke, earl of), the illuf- 
trious lord chancellor of England, born at Dover in 
Kent, December 1, 1690; and educated under Mr. 
Samuel Morland, of Bethnal-green, in claffical and ge¬ 
neral learning, - which he ever cultivated amidft his 
liigheft employments. He ftudied the law in the Middle 
Temple ; and, being called to the bar in 1714, foon be¬ 
came extremely eminent in his profeffion. In 1718, he 
fat in parliament as member for Lewes in Suffex ; and, 
in the two fucceffive parliaments, for Seaford. March 
1719-20, he was promoted to the office of folicitor-ge- 
neral, by the recommendation of the lord chancellor. 
Parker: an obligation which he never forgot, fince he 
teftified an indelible fenfe of it by every mark of per- 
foual regard and affeCtion. The trial of Mr. Layer in 
