H EL 
8. Helianthus gigan.teus, or gigantic fun-flow'ef: 
leaves alternate, lanceolate, fcabrous, ciliate.at the 
bafe; Item (tiff, fcabrous. Stem ten feet high, green;, 
hifpid or fcabrous. Native of Virginia and ; Canada. 
Loureiro fays, it is cultivated in China and Cochin. 
Cultivated here in 1714, by the duchefs of Beaufort. 
It flowers in September and October. 
9. Helianthus altifiimps, or tall fun-flower: leaves 
alternate, broadifh, lanceolate, fcabrous, petioles dil¬ 
ate; item ftiff, fmooth. Sifter of the foregoing, of the 
fame ftru£ture and height; but the leaves are in breadth 
one fourth (not .one fixth). of the length, different in 
their ferratures, triple-nerved at the bafe, petioled, ah 
mod ovate-lanceolate. The whole (talk not only fmooth 
and even, but purplifh. The chaffs in this are green, 
in the foregoing, blackifh, whence the difk in that, be¬ 
fore the flower unfolds,' is black ; in this, green. Na¬ 
tive of Pemrfyl vania ; flowers in Auguft and'September. 
10. Helianthus anguflifolius : leaves alternate, linear. 
Stem purplifh, a foot and a half in height. Native of 
Virginia. 
11. Helianthus divaricatus, or rough-leaved fun-flower? 
leaves oppofite, fertile, ovate-oblong,. three-nervfd, pa¬ 
nicle dichotomous. Stem the height of a man, extreme¬ 
ly even at top, but with fcattered rough hairs, purple, 
with a glaucous bloom. Flowers yellow.- Native of 
North America ; and flowers from Auguft to Qdlober. 
12. Helianthus atro-rubens, or dark-red, fun-flower: 
leaves oppofite, fpatulate, crenate, triple-nerved, fca¬ 
brous; calycine fcales ereft', the length of the difk. 
Stem commonly Angle, about the flze of a fwan’s quill 
at bottom, from eighteen inches to three feet and more 
in height, refund, dufky purple, rough, with abundant 
■whitifh hairs. The difk of the flower dark red ; flof- 
cliles in the ray yellow, marked with a few lines, point¬ 
ed and entire, fonietim.es in Very old flowers divided 
into fegments. Native of Carolina and Virginia; it 
flowers in September and October, and continues two or 
three years. 
Propagation and Culture. The annual forts (r, 2,) are 
eafily propagated by feeds, fown in. March upon a bed 
of common earth. When the plants come up, thin them 
where they are too clofe, and keep them clean from' 
weeds; when fix inches high, they may be taken up 
with balls of earth to their roots, and planted into the 
large borders of the pleafure-garden, obferving to water 
them till they have taken new roo't; after which they 
will require no other care,, but to keep them clear from 
weeds. In July the great flowers upon the tops of the 
ftems will appear, amongft which, the belt and moft dou¬ 
ble flowers of each kind fliould be prelerved for feeds ; 
for th.ofe which flower later upon the fide-branches are 
neither fo fair, nor do they perfedt their feeds fo well, 
as thofe which are firft in flower ; when the flowers-are 
quite faded,, and the feeds are formed, you fhould care¬ 
fully guard the heads from the fparrows, which will 
ofherwife devour moftof the good feeds ; and about the 
beginning of October, when the feeds are ripe, you fliould 
cutoff the heads with a-fmall part of the Item, and hang 
them up in a dry airy place for about a month, by which 
time the’feeds will be perfeftly dry and hard ; when you 
may ealilyrub them out, and put them into bags or pa¬ 
pers, preferving them from vermin until the feafon for 
lowing, them. The: perennial forts rarely produce feeds 
in England, but moft of th.em increafe very fall at their 
roots, efpecially. the creeping-rooted kinds, which fpread 
too far for lmall gardens. The third fort, which is the 
xnoft common in the Englifh. gardens, is the largeft and 
moft valuable flower, and is a very proper furniture for 
large borders in great gardens, as alfo for bofquets of 
large growing plants, or to intermix in fmall quarters 
with fhrubs, or in walks under trees, where few^other 
trees will thrive ; it is alfo a great ornament to gardens 
within the city, where it grows in defiance of the fmoke, 
better than moft other plants; and for its long continu- 
Vol.-IX. N.df 588. 
EEL m 
ance in flower, deferves a place iri moft gardens, for the 
fake of its flowers for bafons, &c. to adbrn halls and 
chimneys, in a feafon when we are-at a lofs for other 
flowers; It begins flowering in July, and continues till 
October; there is a variety of this with very double 
flowers, which is now become fo common in the Englifli 
gardens, as to have almoft banifhed the Angle fort from 
hence. 
They are all very hardy, and will grow in almoft any 
foil or liquation ; they are propagated by parting their 
roots into fmall heads, wlpch in one'year’s time will 
fpread and increafe greatly. The beft feafon for this 
work is in the middle of Oftober, foon after the flowers 
'are pall,. or very early in the fpring, that they may be 
well rooted before the droughts come on; otherwife 
their flowers will be few ill number, and not near fofair, 
and by this means their roots will be weak ; but, if they 
are planted in October, you will fave the trouble of wa¬ 
tering them ; their roots' being finely fixed before the 
dry weather, they, will need no'other trouble than to 
clear them from weeds. 
The Jerufalem artichoke is cultivated for the roots, 
which are by fome people much efteemed. Thefe are' 
propagated by planting the fmallcr roots, or the larger 
ones cut in pieces, obferving to preferve a bud to each 
feparate piece, either in the fpring or autumn, allowing 
them a good diftance, for their roots will greatly multi¬ 
ply ; the autumn following, when their ftems decay, 
t4je roots may be taken up for ufe. They ftiould be 
planted in fome remote corner,of the garden, for they 
are very unfightly while growing, their roots over-run 
every thing, and they cannot eafily be deftroyed. When 
defired for a crop,, the fets (hould be planted in an opeii’ 
part of the kitchen garden, in rows three feet or more 
afunder, at leaft eighteen inches diftant from each other, 
and four or five inches deep. The bed’time for this is 
the latter end of March. A light foil Tints them beft.. 
Some perfons cpt the ft'alks half-way down, at th'ef end 
of J-uly or thejbeginning of Auguft; becaiife they (hade 
the ground too much,, and fronv their gre^ft height are 
apt to be blown down. They may be taken up for. pre- 
fent ufe in September, and the whole crop may behoufe'd' 
in Odtober. If kept in fand in a dry place, they will 
continue the whole winter. 
HELIAN'THUS LjT'VIS. See Buphthalmitm' 
HELIANTHOIDES. 
KELIAS'T.®, f. in Grecian antiquity, the judge's of 
the court Hclixa. They compofed not only the moft 
numerous, but likewife the moft impottant, of the Athe¬ 
nian tribunals; for their province was either to explain 
the obfeure laws, or to give ne f w vigour and authority 
to thofe which had been violated. The Thefmothetas 
convoked the affembly, which fometimes amounted to. 
one thoufand, fometimes to fifteen hundred, judges.. 
The affembly met, according" to Ariftophanes, at the' 
rifing of the fun ; and broke up at its letting. If the 
judges were- obliged to.raeet under cover on account oF 
froftandfnow, they had a fire; but there is'iiot a paflage- 
in any ancient author which informs us of the place where 
thefe afiemblies were held. We only learn, that there 
was a dh'uble enclofure round the affembly, that it.might' 
not be dillurbed. Tne firft was a kind of arbour-work, 
from fpaee to fpace, feparated by doors,- over' which 
were painted the ten or twelve firft letters oftthe Greek 
alphabet, which diretted the entrance of the officer's who 
compofed the tribunal, each of them entering under the' 
letter which diftinguilhed his tribe. The fecond inclo- 
fure, which was at the diftanc-e of twenty feet from the 
former, was fenced by a rope or cord ; that the people 
who flood round the firft inclofure, and were 1 defiroos to 
fee what paffed within the fecond, might not be pre¬ 
vented from gratifying their, cufiollty' at a proper dif¬ 
tance. Thus the attention of the judges was not dif- 
turbed by the concourfe of the multitude, manyof whom - 
were perhaps heated by views of intereft or of party.' 
4 N Of 
