523 II E L 
vitrea, annulata, rhenana, nsevia, corrugata, faba, cre- 
nata, and carinata. 
II. Umbilicate, the whorls rounded. 52. Helix cor¬ 
nea : (hell above umbilicate, flat, blackilh, with four 
round whorls. From a line to an inch in diameter; 
(hell chefnut, brown, rufous, whiti(h, yellowi(h,or blue- 
ifh, poli(hed,and very finely ftriate tranfverfely; whorls 
four or five,'rarely turned contrary. The inhabitant is 
black, with dirty-grey tentacula, and produces a fcarlet 
but not durable dye. Inhabits fre(h waters of Europe 
and Coromandel. 
S3'. Helix nitida : (hell finely poliftied, yellowifh, above 
convex, umbilicate, beneath flat, perforated. One to 
three lines in diameter. Shell diaphanous, highly po¬ 
liflied, fometimes brown; whorls three to five, the out- 
nioft much broader than the reft:; aperture heart-fhaped ; 
inhabitant black, the tentacula tipt with white, when 
young entirely white. Inhabits ditches in Denmark. 
54. Helix alba: (hell white, umbilicate each fide; 
aperture dilated. One tQ two lines wide. Shell pellucid, 
above flattifli, beneath convex ; whorls four, round, with 
■very fine decollate ftria:, the outer larger than all the 
othersj aperture large, oblique; inhabitant grey, with 
white tentacula and black eyes. Inhabits Denmark, on 
aquatic plants. 
55. Helix ampullacea: (hell fubumbilicate, fubglobu- 
lar, glabrous, the whorls more ventricofe above; aper¬ 
ture very large, ovate-oblong; umbilicus or navel nearly 
covered. One to five inches wide. Shell polifhed, yel- 
__ lowifli or brown, with generally a few bands ; firft whorl 
very large : this fnail is eaten as a delicacy. Inhabits 
Afia and America. 
56. Helix pomatia : (hell fubumbilicate, fubovate, 
obtufe, with a roundifti femilunar aperture; reddilh- 
brown with obfolete paler bands. Inhabits the woods 
of Europe, and was introduced into England by fir Ke- 
nelm Digby, for medical purpofes ; principally for con- 
Almptive and emaciated habits. This fnail is ufed as 
food in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, during 
Lent ; being preferved in an efcargatoire, a large place 
boarded in, with a floor covered half a foot deep with 
herbs, in which the (nails neftle and fatten. They were 
alfo a favourite di(h with the Romans, who- had their 
cochtearia , a nurfery fimilar to'the above. Fulvius Hir- 
pinus was the firft inventor of this luxury, a little before 
the civil wars between Csefar and Pompey. The (nails 
were fed with bran fodden in wine. If we could ere- \ 
dit Varro, they grew fo large, that the (hells of fome 
■would hold ten quarts! People need not admire the tem¬ 
perance of the fupper of the younger Pliny, which con- 
lifted of only a lettuce apiece, three (nails, two eggs, a 
barley-cake, fweet wine-, and fnow, in cafe his fnails bore 
any proportion in fize to thofe of Hirpinus. Its name is 
derived, not from any thing relating to an orchard, but 
from Trupx, an operculum, it having a very ftrong one. 
This l'eems to be the fpeciesdefcribed by Pliny, lib. viii. 
c. 39. which he fays was fcarce ; that it covered itfelf 
with the opercle, and lodged under ground; and that 
they were at firft found only about the Maritime Alps, 
and more lately near Velitrae. 
57. Helix citrina : (hell fubumbilicate, convex, ob¬ 
tufe, yellowifli with a brown band. Twelve to eighteen 
lines wide. Shell fulphur with a white band or two, 
©r with a purple band joined to a white one; or yellow 
with a white band and bafe, or a red band joined to a 
white one ; fometimes reddi(h-brown with a white band 
often united to a red one; dr black-brown with a white 
band and bafe ; or pale purple with a fulphur band ; or 
white with a red band or two; or yellowifti-green dotted 
With black, witlt a rufous band and line ; whorls five. 
Inhabits woods of Jamaica and China. 
58. Helix vittata: (hell (ubglobular, fubumbilicate, 
white with crowded chefnut bands and blue^ crown; lip 
reflected, white. Nine lines in diameter. Shell opake, 
refembling a piece of dried wood with concentric veins, 
I X. 
with five whorls; aperture black-brown with an acute 
lip. Inhabits Coromandel. 
59. Helix lufitanfca : (hell umbilicate, perforate, con¬ 
vex,, obtufe, with fiveTound yellowifh-white. whorls; 
umbilicus fpreading". A land fpecies ; about the fize 
of an egg. Inhabits Southern Europe. 
60. Helix oblonga : (hell perforate, ovate-oblong, ftri¬ 
ate, with rofy lip and pillar. Above three inches long. 
Shell pale or yellowiih-white, with fix whorls, oval aper¬ 
ture, and whitifli throat; inhabitant cinereous varied 
with lighter and darker (hades and ftreaks, with a tinge 
of blueiilCand rofe-colour on fome parts; the eggs are 
covered with a hard calcareous (hell, and exactly refera¬ 
ble t]iofe of a common fparrow. Inhabits South Ame¬ 
rica and India. 
61. Helix involvulus: (hell umbilicate, pointed, pale 
yellow or white, witlvfpiral convex ftriae ; aperture cir- 
Cinate; lip reflected : thirteen lines wide, finely ftriate 
longitudinally, highly polilhed, with fometimes a rufous 
band. See this (hell in the before-mentioned Conchology 
Plate, at fig. 7. 
62. Helix avellana: (hell umbilicate, obtufely fubtri- 
angular, rough, plaited, and, filvery within; aperture 
fmooth-eared ; the firft whorl with an elevated circle. 
Size and. colour of a nut, with a white pillar-lip; very 
like a nerita. Inhabits the Southern Ocean. 
63. Helix tubuiata: (hell with three longitudinally- 
ftriate whorls, and a margined tube at the bafe. Shell 
with a Angular margined tube, in the place of an umbi¬ 
licus, extending beyond the furface of the (hell. Inha¬ 
bits the coaft of Pembrokefliire : minute. 
There are eighty-one fpecies more in ibis divifion, 
64-144, of which we need only mention the names t 
II. fpirorbis, polygyra, contorta, fimilis, cornu arietis, 
hifpida, pifcinalis, pufilla, fphasrica, glauca, caftanea, 
rapa, globulus, laflea, incifa, arbuftorum, fulva, epi- 
ftylium, cindta, ligata, afperfa, extenla, pifiina, ftrigata, 
nemorenfis, zonaria, ftriata, ericetorum, nitens, coftata, 
pulchella, rotundata, cellaria, obvoluta, ftrigofula, ra- 
diata, cryftallina, ungulina, varica, fruticum, lucena, 
rofacea, itala, mammillaris, hifpana, lutaria, ovalis, 
flammea, pileus, nucleata, volvulus, neritina, turturum, 
olivetorum, badia, cretacea, pileata, fufeefeens, terrel- 
tris, nivea, media, tenella, crepufcularis, hyalina, ru- 
fefeens, pervia, laeviftima, fafcictllaris, lrololericea, tur- 
gida, tenuis, coriacea, cornu venatorum, elegans, cooki- 
ana, bidentata, turbo, trifafeiata, bontia, trochoides, 
tomentofa, nitidiffima, bicolor, fpinofa, and reticulata* 
III. Rounded, imperforate. 145. Helix hortenfis, the 
garden fnail: (hell imperforate, globular; pale, with 
broad interrupted brown bands ;/ lip white. The eyes 
of the fnail are lodged in their horns, one at the end of 
each horn, which they can protrude and retradt at plea- 
fure. The manner of examining their eyes, which are 
four in number, is this: when the horns are out, cut off 
nimbly the extremity of one of them; and, placing it 
under the microfcope, we difeover the black lpot at the 
end to be really a lemiglobular eye. The diffedtion of 
this animal is very curious : the microfcope not only dis¬ 
covers the heart beating juft againft the round hole near 
the neck, which feems the place of refpiration, but alfo 
the liver, fpleen, ftomach, and inteftines, with the veins, 
arteries, mouth, and teeth, are plainly obfervable. The 
inteftines are green, and are branched all over with fine 
capillary white veins: the mouth is like that of a hare, 
with four or fix needle-teeth, relembling thofe of leeches, 
and of a fubftance like horn. Snails are all hermaphro¬ 
dites, having both fexes united in each individual. They 
lay their eggs withgreat care in the earth, and the young 
ones are hatched with (hells completely formed. Snails 
difeharge their excrements at a hole in their neck; they 
alfo breathe by this hole, and their parts of generation 
are fituated near it. They bring forth their eggs by the 
aperture of their neck. So fmall an animal as tlie fnail 
is not free from the plague of fupperting other fmaller 
