346 
HELMINTHOLOGY. 
borne with thefe occafional pains and difturbances in the 
. bowels'for upwards of fifteen years, when, by great ac¬ 
cident, he difcovered that a piece of tapeworm was void¬ 
ed in his ftobl. Feeling, however, no difpofition to ap¬ 
ply for medical advice; as is too oft^n the cafe with per- 
fons of vigorous conftitutions, he went on for five years 
more, occafionally voiding pieces of the worm, and oc¬ 
casionally feeling himfelf fometimes better and fome- 
times worfe, till his flefh wafted, and his ftrength and 
fpirits were confiderably impaired. The pain in the 
abdomen was at times fo infupportable when handing 
.eredt, and fo inftantly mitigated when' lying proftrate, 
that he had accuftomed himfelf to continue very long in 
bed, which doubtlefs facilitated the evident wafte of 
body. In tin’s ftage of the complaint, he fubmitted to' 
a courfe of medicines, which occafionally brought away 
pieces of the worm, and partially relieved him ; but at 
length a much ftronger helminthic was deemed requifite ; 
and, at the expiration of four months from the com¬ 
mencement of the courfe, it brought away the whole 
refidue of the worm, measuring fifteen feet feven inches. 
The patient confefted himlelf wonderfully relieved; 
but (dill his health declined. He felt a fenfation of cold- 
nefs and vacancy under the pit of the ftomach, which 
he could never conquer; and from an almoft infatiable 
appetite, he had now no defire for food. He would often 
jocofely fay, “that fince he had loft his companion, he 
Ihould not be able to live himfelf;” and, continuing 
ftill vifibly to grow worfe, he at length ferioufly de¬ 
clared this to be his opinion of the caufe; and died in 
17S7, when about fixty years of age; leaving this im- 
preflion the ftronger on the minds of his children and 
friends, becaufe his death took place in lei's than eight 
months after the worm was brought away ; and from 
which time he had declared himfelf never to have been 
well. 
The colour of tamise is moftly of a pale yellow or 
white ; but they vary in this refpedt in different worms. 
They are not unfrequently of a light broWn caft, which, 
in all probability, arifes from living on the chyme, or 
on chyle mixed with bile. Their motion is undulatory : 
the firft joint towards the head contracts, the fucceed- 
ing ones follow fuccellively, and the worm is at length 
drawn confiderably forward, exatllv in the manner that 
the earth-worm is feen to move, but not near fo rapidly. 
By this motion the food taken in at the mouth of the worm 
Is very foon conveyed all along the alimentary canal ; 
but can pafs no farther, either as food or faeces, for want 
of the anal orifice ; fo that thefe worms might exift 
many years with very fmall expence to the chylifadtive 
dudts, even fuppofing chyle to be their food. 
There can be very little doubt of taenia being herma¬ 
phrodite. The ofcula are believed to be vifcera, fub- 
fervient to the propagation of the fpecies, and they have 
been proved to give exit to the ovula. This is the 
opinion of Dr. Hooper : and the ingenious Mr. Carlifie, ' 
in his Paper publilhed in the Linnsean Transactions, 
■ fays, “ In a taenia which I’obtained before it was dead, 
j obferve'd, at one part where it had formed a knot upon 
itfelf, that two pairs of thefe ofcula were in contaft 
with each other, and were agglutinated together by a 
vifcid mucus. I was not at that time aware of the pof. 
fible nature of this connexion, and negleited preferving 
them in that ffate. I now fufpedt, however, that they 
were in the act of copulation, and that a mutual influ¬ 
ence takes place previoufly to the formation of ova. 
Vide Tranl. vol. ii. p. 255. 
T.he annexed Helminthology Plate I. is calculated to 
fhow the conftrnction of the Linnaean order of Vermes 
hiteftinales, as far as relates to tapeworms. Fig. r, re- 
prelents the upper part of the tania folium, which is 
endemic in England; the .ofcula or pores on its fides 
coriftitute its fpecific charadters. A portion of the 
worm is fhown at c, with the cutis and mufcles re¬ 
moved, in order to exhibit the vafcular ftrudhire or ra¬ 
mifications of the ovaria, 39 they appear upon each in¬ 
dividual articulation. At d, the,head or front of the 
worm is fhown greatly magnified, to demonftrate the ap¬ 
paratus of mouth, fuckers, and double row of iacinite 
or hooks,, by which the animal holds itfelf fecurely in 
its place at the upper end! of the fmall inteftines, where 
it is fuppofed-to draw its nourifliment from the pureft 
or iiioft nutritive of the animal juices. Two aiftindt 
portions of .ovula or eggs are exhibited at e, as taken 
out of a folium dilfedted by M. Goeze. Tins worm is 
fmall and narrow' at the head-end, increafing in width 
gradually to the, tail, which is its broadeff part. 
Fig. 2, is a corredt delineation of the tarda magna, 
found in the inteftines of the horfe ; at f, the front or 
head-end is fhown, as it appears under the magnifier, 
with the fuckers and hooks with which it adheres to 
the inteftines. At g, are fhown two of the ovula or 
eggs, which were opened by O. F. Muller in this diftec.r 
tion, with the young alive, and juft ready to bur'll 
forth from their cells. It is remarkable that we have 
no records in the veterinary cafes, of horfes having fuf, 
fered any particular ailments from the ravages of this 
great worm. 
Fig. 3, exhibits a fpecimen of the tania ovina, which 
inhabits the inteftinal canal of fheep, and is found from 
eighty to two hundred feet in length : a, the head-end ; 
b, the tail-end. Thefe are extremely fertile, and are 
furnifhed with double marginal ofcula or pores for the 
exclufion of their eggs. The head-end is fhown greatly 
magnified at h. This is from a diffedtion of Goeze ; and 
belongs to that divifion of taenia called unarmed, as hav¬ 
ing no laciniae, or hooks.. 
Fig. 4, reprefents the head-end of the tania fells, found 
in t'he cat kind; and fig. 5, exhibits that which is pecu¬ 
liar to the dog ; both from diffedtions of Goeze. Fig. 6, 
exhibits a beautiful worm, the tania perca, found in the 
fea-perch ; from a diffedlion of Muller: a, the head- 
end ; b, the tail-end. 
Fig. 7, furniflies a very curious exhibition cf a piece 
of the inieftine of a cock, infefted with tania infundibu - 
liformis, from a diffedtion of M. Goeze. Fig. 8, is a 
magnified fpecimen of this worm, to fhow.its funnel- 
fiiaped articulations; a, the head-end ; b, the tail-end'. 
At i, the head is greatly magnified, to exhibit its pro- 
bofeis armed with very fharp recurved hooks. At k, is 
fhown a portion of the ovula of this curious fpecies. 
Fig. 9, reprefents the tania arferis, a very .(lender 
worm, found in the inteftines of geefe ; a, the head-end ; 
b, the tail-end. Fig. 10, is the tania lanceolata, which 
inhabits the inteftines of the duck ; a, the head-end ; b, 
the tail-end. At l, the head is fhown magnified ; hav¬ 
ing fomewhat the appearance of a wart. For further 
information, and more figures, fee the.article Taenia. 
Of the HYDATIDS. 
Thefe creatures being of a veficular form, fhaped like 
fmall aqueous bladders, and betraying no vifible fign of* 
animation, their appearance in the human body has been 
confidered, till very lately, as a particular difeafe, and 
placed by Dr. Cullen in the clafs tumores. Every one of 
thefe tumours, however, is found to poffefs an indepen¬ 
dent ftate of life, and to be able to detach itfelf, at cer¬ 
tain periods, from moll of the fituations in which it is 
found. Its head, like thofe of the otheii taeniae, is fur¬ 
nifhed with a kind of tube; alfo wit! four papillae, 
which perform the office of fuckers ; a..’ci a double fe- 
ries of humuli or hooks to hold them in their place, the 
acute points of which turn towards the ne.ck, and are To 
arranged, that in the firft leries they are larger than in 
the fecond. Their colour is a flight red, and their con¬ 
texture confiderably firm. The papillafurgentes, or lack¬ 
ers, are placed round the head in luch a manner, that it 
appears to be divided into four equal parts. Each is 
poftelled of an elevated margin, perforated in the centre, 
manifeftly forming a mouth. From thefe mouths, four 
