349 
HELMINT 
fayed liver of fuch perfons as die in lingering confump- 
tions, and greatly emaciated ; though not always fo. 
Leeuwenhoek was deceived when he attrib-uted: eyes to 
this inteftinal worm. What he took for eyes, are the 
tubercles analogous to the lateral pores of this order of 
animals, which feem to be calculated partly for attach¬ 
ing the body in different fituations, and partly for the 
work of generation, as noticed above in the taenia. At 
fig. 19, a correct delineation of this worm is given. Its 
elongated oval flat form occafioned it the popular name 
of flounder) the upper extremity terminates in a harrow- 
neck, having an orifice or opening at its end, which is 
the mouth. At the root of the neck appears the tu¬ 
bercle or pore, fimilar to that in the neck of fnails. It 
has fometimes one, fometim'es two, of thefe pores. The 
canal which commences at the mouth extends to the 
bottom of the neck, where it divaricates, and forms two 
veffels which pafs down the centre of the animal’s body, 
giving off a number of fmall ramifications which 
pafs towards the edges of the worm, where they ter¬ 
minate ; for there is no opening analogous to an anus; 
lo that thefe vermes, like taenia, may probably endure 
for years, in found habits, at very little expence to the 
conftitution, being very fimilar to membrane, which 
only requires its vehicles to be filled with juices in an 
animalized ftate. A very curious fpecies is the uncinu- 
lata, found in the eatable frog, and fhown in the engra¬ 
ving at fig. 15. 
The genus Filaria, belonging to this, order, contains 
worms which are never found in the infide of animals, 
but form a lodgment in the cellular membranes under 
the cuticle, or Icarf-lkin. They even prey upon the 
bodies of caterpillars and larvie of infects. The lepido- 
pterorum , found within the fkin of the plialaena nupta, is 
thown at the Engraving at fig. 16. The lpecies that in- 
fefls man, is the celebrated Guinea-worm, (Filaria medi- 
nenfls,J called alfo dracunculus ; for particulars of which, 
and ot thole that infeft animals, fee the article Filaria, 
vol. vii. p. 366, and the correfpondent Engraving. 
The Scolex is the molt minute'of all the inteftinal 
worms, being an animalcule which, in its contracted 
ftate, eludes our obfervation without the help of the 
microfcope. It is neverthelefs a mod vivacious little 
creature, pofl'efling the faculty of affirming" a number of 
different ihapes and fizes, fometimes linear and long, 
as Ihown in the Engraving at fig. 14, greatly magnified ; 
and fometimes wrinkled and fliort, but always broadeft 
on the forepart, and pointed behind, as Ihewn at e. They 
have hitherto been found only in the bodies of fifties, 
fuch as turbot, foie, plaife, Sec. and are contained in 
a fort of gelatinous bag, in which they appear to the 
naked eye like fo many obfeure points, as Ihown in the 
Engraving at f ; but when taken out of the mucous bag, 
they appear as at g. 
The Echinorynchi are among the moft fertile of the 
vermes inteltioales ; but they have not. yet been found 
to inhabit the bowels of man. The moft common of 
thefe worms is the gigas, fo prevalent in the inteftines 
of fwine. A duller of them is Ihown at fig. 17, attached 
to a piece of inteltine diffefted off by M. Goeze. The 
largeft fpecies is that found in the boar, generally a foot 
and a half long, cylindrical, and of a bluifti call, Ihown 
in the Engraving at fig. 18. They are armed with many 
circles of retractile prickles or holders, let round the 
probofeis, correctly exhibited at h, as they appear un¬ 
der the magnifier. For other figures and particulars, 
fee the article EchinorvnchUs, vol. vi. p. 237. 
Uncinaria, is a genus which contains two fpecies of 
fmall filiform worms, .of the nature of the Afcarides; 
found in the inteftines of the badger and fox.—The genus 
Ligu/a, alio contains two fpecies ; one found in fillies, 
and the other in the guillemot, and inerganier. 1 his is 
about a foot long, exactly refemblinga piece of tape.— 
Strongylus, contains likewife two fpecies, found in the 
ftomach of horfes, and of llieep ; it is a long round worm, 
Vol. IX. No. 590, 
HOLOG Y. 
gregarious, and often in very confiderable numbers, like 
afcarides and trichocephali.— Haruca contains only one 
fpecies, found in mice. 
The genus Cucullanus contains fpecies Which infeft the 
inteftines of many animals; but has never yet been found 
in man. They are moftly viviparous, fpirally convolved, ■ 
and the head is furrounded with a kind of ftriate hood. 
The lacuflris, commonly found in falrilon, is delineated 
at fig. 20, as it appears c in a fide view'imbedded in the 
liver: another feftion of the liver is exhibited at i, 
fhowing the head at reft, in its hood. 
The Caryopkyllaus, is a fmall round worm found in 
carp, tench, bream, &c.—The Lingulata, inhabits the 
lungs of the hare.—The Fund, is a linear ciliated worm; 
which, like the Filaria, burrows under’the Ikiri. 
Tile genera claffed under this ordpr, which never en¬ 
ter the bodies of other animals but by-accident,,ard, 
Gordius, the hair or water-worm. Hirudo, the leech, an 
inhabitant of moft countries, in ditches, ponds, rivulets. 
Sec. Lumbricus, the earth-worm, dew-worm, lob, &c. 
found in almoft all foils over all the earth. Sipunculus, 
the tube-worm, an inhabitant of ail the leas. Plandrid, 
a fmall gelatinous fea-wdrm, which appears to be the 
connecting link between this order and the nexf. For 
figures, with the natural hiftory,of thefe worms, fee un¬ 
der the refpeftive names in this work. • 
MOLLUSCS, or GELATINOUS WORMS. 
In contemplating this order of Vermes, one is at 
a Iofs which moft to admire, the beautiful Variety of 
their form—the brilliant tranfparency of their colours— 
the fplendour of their pnofphoric light—or the exteri- 
five gradation obfervable in their (ize, advancing from 
the minutenefs of a pepper-corn, to the unwieldy bulk ’ 
of an elephant. The elegant formation of many fpecies . 
of the Medufa genus, and-the pul fa fory motion with 
which they fail through the water, have been deferved- 
ly celebrated by poets, and other writers. The Echinus, 
for the rich and numerous tints of its coriaceous, cover-, 
ing, is fcarcely to be equalled by the choiceft of the 
infeft tribes; as might likewife be faid of fome other 
geneia, particularly the Afcidia, Holothuria, Aftinia, 
Amphitrite, and Afterias • all which fee under their 
refpeftive names, with the Engravings correfponding to 
them. The fubftance of thefe animals, being moftly foft, 
and of the nature of jelly, becomes a nutritiouTas well 
as plentiful food for filh; as do fome of the fpecies 
for man. 
To illuftrate the conftruftion of this order, we have, 
in the Helminthology Plate III. exhibited fpecimens of 
fome of the fmalleft, contrafted with one of the largeft, 
animals belonging to it. This is that curious and lin¬ 
gular creature, the Sepia loligo, commonly called the 
great cuttle-filh, represented at fig. 1. It is furniftied 
with eight brackia or arms, interfperfed on the interior 
. fide with little round ferrated cups, acting as tentacula, 
by the contraction of which the animal lays faff hold of 
any thing that comes in its way. Befides thefe eight 
arms, it has two brachia longer than the other arms, 
and alfo pedunculated. The mouth is fituated in the 
centre, and is horny, and hooked like the bill of a par¬ 
rot. The eyes are below and projecting, furrounded 
with feveral lilvery rings; they are as large as the eyes 
of a calf. The body is flelhy, and of a reddilh and yel- 
lowilh brown colour. With their arms and trunks they 
fallen themfelves, to relift the motion of the waves. 
The females lay their eggs upon fea-weed and plants, 
in clufters like bunches of grapes. Immediately after 
they are laid they are white, and the males pals over 
and impregnate them-with a black liquor, after which 
they grow larger, and refemble black grapes, as Ihown 
in tiic Engraving, at a. On opening the egg, the em¬ 
bryo cuttle is found alive. The noife of a cuttle-filh, 
on, being dragged out of the.water, refembles the grunt¬ 
ing of a boar. When the male is purfued by the fea- 
4U * wolf 
