410 HERA 
adopted by his fuccefTors the.dukes of Normandy. The 
number was not increafed till the reign of Richard I. 
who made them three, by adding the lion, the device 
of PoiClou, or of Aquitaine, which territories he inhe¬ 
rited from his mother queen Eleanor ; and from that 
time to the prefent the three lions, though originally 
French, have continued to be borne by the kings of 
England. 
It is chiefly to this era that genealogies trace the pe¬ 
digrees of our moil ancient nobility. Prior to this time 
we have but few and fcanty annals of Britifn. or Anglo- 
Saxon nobles, many of whom fell in battle, or were cut 
off by the Conqueror, wl.iilft mod of the furvivors ef- 
caped into Scotland, ruined in their fortunes and eftates, 
which were feized by the Normans. Malcolm, the 
Scottifli fovereign, afforded them an afylum ; “and,” 
fays Simon of Durham, ‘‘they were to be met with in 
my time in all the farm-houfes, and even in cottages.” 
In the mean while, the illegitimate William duke of 
Normandy, after his conqueft of England, appears to 
have adopted the fubtile plan of Hugh Capet in efta- 
bliihing an hereditary nobility, on whofe attachment to 
his perfon and interefts he could fafely rely. “ Hugli 
Capet,” fays the celebrated civilian Francis Hotoman, 
“ contrived a cunning device for eftablilhing himfelf in 
his new dominions ; for, whereas, all the magiftracies 
and honours of. the kingdom,. Aich as dukedoms, earl¬ 
doms, &c. had been from the molt ancient times con¬ 
ferred upon feleift and deferving perfons, in the general 
conventions of the people, and were not hereditary, but 
held only during good behaviour ; whereof, as the law¬ 
yers exprefs it, they were but beneficiaries ; Hugh Ca¬ 
pet, in order to fecure to himfelf the afleCtions and inte- 
reftof the great men, was the fir ft that made thofe ho¬ 
nours perpetual, which had been before but temporary, 
and ordained, that whoever by their merits and loyalty 
obtained them, fliould have an hereditary right in their 
titles and arms, and might leave them to their pofte- 
rity.” See Francifcus Conanus, the civilian, com¬ 
ment II. chap. ix. It is Angular that this fact has ef- 
caped the notice of molt of the French hiftorians. 
The Conqueror, finding this precedent congenial to 
his views, not only defpoiled all the Anglo-Saxon no¬ 
bles who had oppofed his claim to the crown of Eng¬ 
land, but cut off or ruined his paternal relations, who, 
on account of his illegitimacy, had often confpired 
againff his perfon and government. See the article 
MTng-land, vol. vi. p. 557 ; while, on the contrary, he 
made titles, honours, and eltates, hereditary in his 
maternal relations, who had fought under his banners ; 
and in his immediate retainers and followers, in whofe 
fidelity he could confide. It is to thjs policy that we 
are to look for his planting fo many of his maternal re¬ 
latives and chiefs in thofe dominions which he had ac¬ 
quired by the fword. To Robert, earl of Montaigne,' 
his half-brother, was granted the earldom of Cornwall, 
with three hundred manors. To Odo, bifliop of Bayeux, 
his other uterine brother, he gave the county of Kent, 
with near two hundred manors in it, befides two hundred 
and fifty-five in other counties. To Hugh Lupus, fon 
of his After Emma, he gave the county of Chelter, and 
ereCted it into a palatinate for him. Alan, earl of Bre¬ 
tagne, his fon-in-law, obtained allot he eftates of earl Ed¬ 
win ; William de Warren, another of his fons-in-law, had 
the earldom of Surrey. His nephew Stephen, fon of 
Odo earl of Blois, had Holdernefs ; William de Seve- 
rcl, his natural fon, was created earl of Nottingham and 
Derby; Roger de Montgomery obtained thofe of Arun¬ 
del and Shrewsbury, witli the county of Salop ; Walter 
de Giffard, Buckinghamftiire; Ralph de Guarder, the 
earldoms of Norfolk and Suffolk, with the lordlhip of 
Norwich ; Simon de Size, the earldoms of Huntingdon 
and Northumberland ; a chief named Beauvois, South¬ 
ampton ; Henry de Newburgh, Warwicklhire ; Urfus 
de Abto), the earldom of Worcefter; Henry de Ferrers, 
L D R Y. 
Tutbury-caftle, with one hundred and feventy lord- 
fltips ; William, bifliop of Conftance, received two hun¬ 
dred and eighty flefs, which fell, upon his death, to his 
nephew Robert Mowbray. Thefe noble Tfamilies were 
treated by fubfequent fovereigns with great refpeCl ; 
and, becaufe many of them were related to the Norman 
kings, it became cuftomary to honour earls with the 
name of coujin. See Noble’s “College of Arms,” p. 4. 
Thus the property of the nation, as well as the cuftoms 
and manners of the Anglo-Saxons, were abrogated ; 
while thofe of France and Normandy became the ftand- 
ard of tafte. Such as had fought under the banners of 
the Conqueror, and had received the reward of particu¬ 
lar bearings, and apportionments of lands, were to be¬ 
come the founders of new families in a country which 
had been won by their prowefs. And in order to pre- 
ferve their names to diftant pofterity, they were record¬ 
ed in a roll, hung up in Battle Abbey, near which 
the deciftve victory had been gained. The perfons 
therein mentioned became the patriarchs and forefathers 
of mod of the Englifli families of diftiiiftion for many 
ages ; and feveral of our illuftrious nobility at this day 
are defcended from them. Not only the introduction of 
the French blazonry,—of hereditary honours and titles 
and bearings, with all the magniftcence of ftately trap¬ 
pings embroidered with efcutcheons or arms,—now 
took place in England ; but even the language of the 
higher orders was altered : nothing, during many years, 
was fpoken at court but French ; and hence all our date 
proceedings were couched in that language ; a faflvioit 
which for centuries made the fubjefls appear a feparate 
and diftinCt people from the kings who governed them, 
and from the nobles who bound them in fetters of vaflal- 
age, by the introduction of feodal tenures. See the ar¬ 
ticle Tenure. 
The pride of feudal dominion unqueftionably gave a 
wide fpread to the fplendid pageantry of tilts and tour¬ 
naments, in which the great nobles endeavoured to emu¬ 
late their fovereign. It alfo merits obfervation, that 
the exhibition of tournaments produced an intercourfe 
between the nations of Europe, which could not but 
Contribute to knowledge and civilization. To thefe pa¬ 
geantries we are likewife to attribute the introduction 
of numerous orders of knights, who were to be honour¬ 
ably received at the courts of all countries, as principal 
afitors in thefe (ham ftghts, or feats of chiv-alry. See 
the article Chivalry, vol. iv. p. 505-508. The fea-. 
fon of tournaments was ufually embraced as a At occa- 
fton for conferring knighthood on thofe who were thought 
deferving of fuch an honour; and this, from -the princi¬ 
ple of giving encouragement to the military art. The 
power of beftowing this title did not then reftde exclu- 
Av.ely in the king; princes of the blood, peers of the 
realm,- and the higher order of nobles, all either pof- 
feffed or affeCted that authority. When the earl of Suf¬ 
folk, in the memorable Aege of Orleans, was obliged to 
yield himfelf prifoner to a Frenchman of the name of 
Renaud, he alked his adverfary, before he chofe to fub- 
mit, whether he was a gentleman ? On receiving a fatis r 
factory anfwer, he demanded, whether he was a knight ? 
Renaud replied that he had not yet attained that ho¬ 
nour, “ Then I make you one ,’ 1 replied Suffolk ; and af¬ 
ter giving him the blow with the fword, which dubbed 
him into that heroic fraternity, he furrendered himfelf 
his prifoner. 
It is to this fumptuous tafte for fplendid and coftly 
tournaments, and the confequent increafe of warlike 
knights, that we are to attribute the fuccefs of Grego¬ 
ry VII. in bringing into aCfion his famous plan for the 
croifades. See the article Croisade, vol. v. p. 374- 
376. Knights ufually followed the more important 
tournaments wherever they were proclaimed, that they 
might And ftgnal opportunities of diftinguiihing their 
valour, and of cultivating the friendftiip of illuftrious 
perfons. It was even falhionable for knights to avoid 
a the 
