4 i 1 
HERA 
the reftraint of marriage for fome years after their ad 
miflion into the order, that they might travel into.dif- 
tant countries, and vifit foreign courts, “afin de s’y ren- 
dre. chevaliers parfaits." St. Palaye , vol. ii. p. 8. But 
though thefe valorous knights thus made a virtue of 
abftaining for a time from matrimonial folace, yet they 
hud each a favourite lady, -under whofe enchanting 
fmiles their prOwefs and their fki11 in arms were con- 
ftantly directed. As a badge of this captivating female 
patronage, they were p relented by the fair ones with a 
ribband, or fome fimilar ornament, which they affixed 
to their helmets or their ffiields, and confidered as the 
deareft pledge of that love with which their victories 
and gallantry were eventually to be rewarded. Thefe' 
pledges were called faveur ; and hence perhaps the pieces 
of lace or ribbon which are to this day bellowed at mar¬ 
riages, are termed “ the bride’s favours.” 
Thus the union of diftant princes by their renown in 
chivalry, and feats of arms, prepared their minds.for 
the pious fentiments of the “■ holy war,” and induced 
tli? creation of new fraternities of knighthood. So came 
into being the knights of the holy fepulclire, the hofpi- 
tallers,. the templars, and an infinite .number of religious 
orders, formed under new and famous appellations, on 
purpofe to give zelt to this magnificent fcheme of extir¬ 
pating the Saracens, and refloring Chriltianity to the 
Holy Land. Seethe article Knight. Somewriters 
have fancied, that thefe croifades gave birth to chival¬ 
ry ; but they certainly are under a great milfake ; for 
had there been Uo previous tournaments, no count- 
lefs number of knights, there would have been no croi¬ 
fades. 
To thefe wars, fo long and fo obllinately maintained 
amidit the fplendour of Saracenic equipage, and the lux¬ 
uriances of the eaft, we are indebted for luminous ad¬ 
ditions to the fcience of heraldry, and for many meri¬ 
torious achievements Hill borne in this country. The 
crofs, in a multitude of forms, the efcallon, and the 
crefcent, Saracen’s head and turbans, Moors, Turks, and 
Pagans, as well as angels, and other celeitial figures, 
became the favourite charges of numerous individuals 
who were engaged in thofe arduous and bloody conflict's. 
Every perfon who went out to the holy wars, wore the 
crofs on his upper garment on the right ffioulder; whence 
thefe formidable expeditions acquired the name of croi¬ 
fades. Different nations were diftinguilhed by different- 
coloured croffes. The Englifh affumed the white crofs; 
the French: chofe the red ; the Flemings the green, &c. 
Thofe who belonged to the ffates of the church, wore the 
crofs-keys upon their ffiotilders. But befides the gene¬ 
ral badge or'fymbol of the holy ftandard under which 
the Ghriftians fought, they chofe to be decorated with 
individual coats of arms, in imitation of the Saracens, 
whofe magnificent armorial bearings glittered in all di¬ 
rections, and were the fubjeCt of the higheft admiration 
in the Chriftian camp. It became therefore neceffary, 
from -motives of policy, to multiply heraldic devices 
and armorial enfigns, for the Chriftian foldiers, as an in¬ 
citement to glorious achievements, of which thefe were 
to be the foie reward. Thus charges of every poffible 
kind were invented ; and thefe were continually in- 
creafed by fhields and banners taken front the infidels, 
in battle, and borne afterwards in perpetual commemo¬ 
ration of the event. Till this period the ordinaries, as 
the bend, fefs, chevron, crofs, faltire,' and chief, had 
been for the mod part fingly borne. The coats -were 
generally Ample, but full ; as barie, palle, cheque, 
and feme of crofslets or fleurs de lis. Thefe Ample 
bearings have ever been confidered by claflical heralds 
•as the mod honourable ; whence they have been diftin- 
guifhed by the epithet of grand ordinaries. But in pro¬ 
portion as coats of arms came notv to be immenfely mul¬ 
tiplied, this tafte for fimplicity was loft, and the ffiields 
became charged with a profufion of figures ; people 
feeming to imagine that they ffiould be thought noble, 
LORY, 
in proportion fo the number and variety of charges.they 
could crowd into their coats of arms. Mezeray ffates 
this viti ired tafte to have prevailed jn France foon after 
the croifades, when the mod fhowy coats of arms were 
affumed by many families which had the leaft preten- 
fions to antiquity or diftindVon; and it was this ridicu- 
Ipus fpecies of oftenta-tion that gave rife to the well- 
known faying among the French, li II n’eft point de plus 
belles armes que les armes de vilain.” 
The mod adiive part fifteen by the Englifh in the wars 
of the crofs, was under our heroic Richard I, furnamed ? 
from his invincible courage, Cceur de Lion, or lion-hearted. 
See the article England, vol. vi. p, 576 ; and for his 
valour in the reduction of Ptolemais, no w Acre, (fince 
fo bravely and fuccefsfully emulated by fir William Sid¬ 
ney Smith,) and his other exploits in the Holy Land, 
fee the article Eg ypt, vol. vi. p. 323, 324. This wa.s 
the third of the eight croifades, and commenced in 
1188, the year before' Richard afeended the throne. 
Thofe chiefs who lived to return to their native coun¬ 
try, were naturally emulous of difplaying,their own im¬ 
proved armorial bearings, as well as the rich banners 
and fuperb ffiields which they had wrefted from the Sa¬ 
racens in the facred war; and which, as venerable ob- 
jedls of fuch perilous attainment, were now to be intro¬ 
duced and difplayed in churches. The banners confift- 
ed of the richeft manufailures of fiIk, upon which the 
device was curioufly embroidered ; the Ihields were of 
metal, enamelled in colours, enriched with fcrolls of 
gbld and filver. Thefe trophies were dedicated to fome 
propitiatory faint, over whofe ffirine they were fufpend- 
ed. Coats of arms too were confidered of fufficient ve¬ 
neration and importance to be admitted as ornaments in 
thefe facred edifices, and were either fculptured in ftone, 
ftained in glafs in the windows, or painted in frefco on 
the walls. The firft inftance of a fculptured coat of arms 
thus erefted in England, occurs fn the Temple 'church 
of London, on the fiiield of the effigy of Geolfry de 
Magnaville, earl of.Effex, who died in 1144. The prac¬ 
tice of carving or painting the family arms on monti-,. 
ments foon became more common ; and led to their 
introduction on the tapeftry and hangings of flat? 
rooms, and on the walls of the.great halls in caftles,■&c. 
So fanCtioned, it is no wonder that coats of arms came 
to be confidered as an indifpenfable appendage to the 
drefs and furniture of every gentleman ; that they lliould 
be confidered as the exclufive right of him who had ob¬ 
tained or won them ; that they ffiould be made the law¬ 
ful inheritance of the’family who bore them ; and hence 
that fo much fki 11 and attention ftiould have been em¬ 
ployed in the fcientific improvement of heraldry,-in re¬ 
lation to charges, blazonry, and marflialling. See Dal- 
laway’s Heraldry, 4to. p. 31, & feq. 
How long armorial bearings had then been held here¬ 
ditary in England, is no where afeertained. If we re¬ 
gard thofe only which partake of the French art of bla¬ 
zonry, an hereditary right in them could only com¬ 
mence at or about the era of the Norman Conqueft, ; 
But if we confider the fimplicity of the ancient charges 
or devices as arms, an hereditary right tp fuch might be 
traced to very remote ages. Cadwallader, who died 
about the year 690, bore azure a crofs pattee fitched in 
the foot, or.-—Roderic, furnamed the Great, bore the 
fame : he was prince of Wales in 843, and defeended 
from Cadwallader by Idwallo, Roderic, Conan, and 
Mervyn Frych.—Aviragus, the brother of Guider.usj 
and king of South Britain as early as the year 45, is faid 
to have borne the fame : from him the pedigree of Cad- , 
wallader has been traced. 
Another very early and remarkable inftance is thq 
following: In the reign of Kenneth II. king of. Scot¬ 
land, a near relation of that monarch being taken pri- 
foner, and hung by the Pidls, the king offered a great 
reward to any one who would dare to refeue the corpfe. 
It was not long before a brave foldier prefented himfelf, 
paying, 
