412 
H E R A 
faying, in old Scotch or lrifh, “Dal zell” which figni- 
fies, “ I dare.” The dangerous talk was accomplifhed ; 
and the hero took the name of Dalziel, anceftor to the 
earls of Carnwath ; and he had given him for armorial 
bearings, fable, a naked man pendent, creft, a dexter 
arm in armour, grafping a fword : motto, “ I dare .”— 
This occurred about the year 840. 
The origin of the hereditary arms of Hay, is thus re¬ 
lated : When the Scots fled before the Danes at Long 
Cartey, a lnifbandman named Hay, then at plough, with 
his two foils, thatching the yoke iq his hands, flopped 
the piirfnit of the enemy, which gave his countrymen 
time to rally. Kenneth III. rewarded his valour by 
the gift of as much land as a hawk fliould fly over at one 
flight; and in the village of Hawkeftorre the place is 
now fliown wher'e the bird fettled. From this circum- 
ftance arofe their crefl. In the fhield are three efcut- 
cheops, gules, which were given them becaufe they 
threw themfelyes in between the king and the enemy, 
and thus refcued him. Appearing before their mo¬ 
narch with their fliields covered with blood, lie autho¬ 
rized them to bear argent three efcutcheons gules. 
This monarch died in 994.—The arms of the family of 
Keith were afligned to them in 1006. Robert, a chief¬ 
tain among the Catti, and from whom the family of 
Keith are defcended, having joined Malcolm II. king 
of Scotland, at the battle of Panbridge, in the year 
above-mentioned, was very inflrumental in gaining the 
victory over the Danes ; Camus, their general, having 
been killed by the hand of Robert ; whereupon the 
king dipped his finger in Camus’s blood, and drew 
ftrokes with it upon the vidtor’s Ihield ; afligning him 
the following arms; argent a chief paley of eight, ar¬ 
gent and gules.—-There is alfo an example of very an¬ 
cient arms taken from a circumftance which happened 
long before the eonque'ft or the croifades, in the tliield 
of fir Hugh Williams, of Nant, in Carnarvonfliire ; who 
bears gules, a chevron ermine between three Saxon heads 
proper; which bearing was alfumed in confequence of 
his having made three Saxon chiefs prifoners in the wars 
between the Welfli and Saxons. 
Kingdoms, countries, corporations, and cities, had 
devices or arms at a very early date; as appears from 
the examples above recited of Mechlenburg, Germany, 
&c. The univerfity of Oxford claims its arms as far 
back as the year-885, having been then prefented with 
them by the renowned king Alfred; viz. azure, abible 
withfeven feals appendant, opened at St. John’s gofpel, 
between there crowns or. Fuller imagines thefe three 
crowns to be typical of three profeifions which Alfred 
the Great founded.—The arms of Wales borne by their 
ancient fovereigns were, quarterly gules and or, four 
lions paflant counterchanged. According to fir Wil¬ 
liam Dugdale, “Brute gave Camber, his third fon, 
Cambria, with thefe arms: argent, three lions paflant 
regardant gules/ which his pollerity ufed until that 
country came to be divided into three diftinid princi¬ 
palities.”—The crofs of S.t. Andrew, we are told, was 
afliuned as the arms of Scotland as early as the year 
518; and the harp, as the device for Ireland, at a Hill 
earlier period.—The ancient arms of England, viz. a 
crofs formy or, were, borne by Egbert as early as the 
year 800; to which four martlets were added by Ed¬ 
ward the Elder, his grandfon, as noticed above.—See 
Knapp’s highly-entertaining “ Anecdotes of Heraldry.” 
The fimplicity and antiquity of heraldic devices, are 
remarkably manifefted in the original arms of France, 
the lily, 01 jleur de lis-, adopted in allufion.to the falic law 
by which women are forbidden to reign, left the fcep- 
tre Ihould take the place of the diftaff.— Neqiie laborant, 
neque nent , “They toil not, neither do they (pin,” was 
the motto generally affixed to them. Of the origin of 
this bearing, however, and whether they were bees, 
toads, or 1 pears’ heads, there appears to have been 
much difference of opinion. Nicholas Coufin, in his 
LDRY. 
“ Holy Court,” traces the Gaulic lily to the time of the 
emperor Adrian, a little more than a century after the 
birth of Chrift, when the device for Gaul was repre- 
fented by a lady holding in her hand a. fleur de lis. The 
ingenious Dante has given the following as the true ori¬ 
gin of the Jleurs de lis in the arms of France. They are 
the flowers which grow on the fides of the river Lis, (Iris 
pjeudacorus, Linn.)Which feparated Artois and France 
from Flanders, after the marriage of Philip Auguftus 
with Ifabelia of Hainaut. Dante’s words are in the 
xxixth Canto, del Purgatorio. Coronati venian di Jior di 
Lifo, (fpeaking of the twenty-four elders in Revela¬ 
tions ;) “They walked being crowned with fleurs de 
Lis.” The poet repeats the fame word, when he re¬ 
lates the infult done to Boniface VIII. in Anagni, in 
the xxth Canto : 
Veggio in Anagna intrar le Fior di Lifo, 
Et nel Vicario fuo Chrifto efler catto. 
A Angle lily continued to be fehe bearing until the 
reign of Louis le Jeune, anno 1147, when their number 
was increafed ; and the-efcutcheons and mantles of the 
French knights began to be powdered with fleurs de 
lis, to give the greater fplendour to their appearance in 
battle during the fecond croifade. Voltaire was of opi¬ 
nion that the number of lilies in the Gallic arms were 
never conftant til! the time of Philip Auguftus, and 
not till after his fignal victory over the Germans, with 
the emperor Otho IV. at their head. This memorable 
battle was fought near pouvines, in 1215. Otho’s im¬ 
perial ftandard was carried upon four wheels. It con¬ 
fided of a long pole or ftaff, to which was faftened a 
painted dragon, as the emblem of deftrudtion ; over 
which was raifed the imperial eagle of gilt wood. The 
royal ftandard of France was a gilt ftaff with colours of 
white filk powdered with golden fleurs de lis: “and 
now,” fays Voltaire, “what had been long the fancy 
only of painters, came to be the arms of France.” This 
great genius, how'ever, was highly miftaken ; everybo¬ 
dy knows that Voltaire dtd not excel in antiquarian 
knowledge ; for, befides the inftances to the contrary 
noted above, a very fatisfadlory one prefents itfelf in the 
devices of the order of knights of Calatrava, founded 
in 1158, as well as in thole of Alcantara, and St. James 
of Sword, which all terminated their crofles with a fleur 
delis, and which even then had been long in, ufe.—See 
Knapp’s Anecdotes, p. 257. 
From' what has been dated, it manifeftly appears, that 
fymbols or emblems, analogous to what are termed he¬ 
raldic devices, have, as fet forth at the beginning of this 
treatife, exifted in all ages, and in all countries; and 
that many of them were, from the earlieft epochs of 
time, confidered as hereditary, appears alfo incontro¬ 
vertible. “ In the early day^of heraldry, men took for 
their armorial bearings thofe things which were mod 
ufeful or natural to them in their various purfuits. 
Thus the falcon, the greyhound, the talbot, the bugle 
horn,—fo neceflary are the fports of the field ;—or the 
figures of the animals that were hunted ;—were adopted 
more or lei's by people‘of all countries who took a plea- 
fure in the chace, or who led a paftoral life; and the 
higher we advance into the fimplicity of the paftoral 
times, the more we ihall perceive of this natural choice 
of emblems from the viiible produdtions of nature, in- 
ftead of mythological figures andmonfters, the offspring 
•of pafr'auiim and of fu perdition. Such were the early 
fymbols employed in the provinces of Wales. It was 
natural that they ihould place on their lliields the figures 
of wolves which they hunted, as the deftroyers of their 
flocks and children ; and alio of goats, which furniilted 
them with milk. In doing this they accorded with the 
principle of all other nations in the choice of fimple em¬ 
blems.” See Monthly Review, vol. xviii. N. S. p. 136. 
This accounts for the paternal enfigns, mentioned by 
Mr. Dallavvay, as ftill borne by many Welfli families; 
