H ERA 
leaves, wlvofe apices do not rife quite fo high as the 
points. See Plate IX. fig. 9. We read in Sandford’s 
Genealogical Hiftory, that John of Eltham, earl of 
Cornwall, to whom his father Edward II. gave the 
manor of Harborough in the county of Leicefter, is 
adorned, upon his monument in Weftminfter-abbey, 
with a coronet compofed of greater and leffer florets or 
leaves; and that it was the mod ancient inftance of an 
earl, in his obfervation, that had a coronet. 
A vifeount's coronet is a circle of gold alfo ornamented 
with jewels, and, fupporting fixteen pearls, nine of which 
are only to appear in heraldic engravings and'paintings; 
We'are well aware that in many inftances this coronet 
is repreffented with feven only ; but we have under our 
eyes the order of the earl marfhal, dated September 
1761, immediately before the co'ronation of his prefent 
majefty, to direft all painters 1 , engravers, See. to follow 
the engraving on the margin of the faief order; which 
exhibits nine pearls or balls. See Plate IX. fig. 10. 
A baron's coronet, which was firft granted by Charles II. 
is formed ofaplain circle of gold, without jewels, fup¬ 
porting fix pearls fet at equal diftances, four of which 
are to be fhown in engravings, paintings, &c. See 
Plate IX. fig. 11. We mull: not omit to obferve, that 
previous* to the reign of Charles II. the barons wore 
only,a cap, as reprefented Plate VIII. fig. 13. 
It has happened that : the eldeft fons of peers, above 
the degree of a vifeount, aflumed their father’s arms 
and fupporters with a label, and ufed the coronet ap¬ 
pertaining to their father’s fecond title; but there is no 
authority for that purpofe; and it is againfl: the rules 
of heraldry, fince they affume the fecond title of their 
father by courtefy only. In cafes where they are called 
up to the houfe of peers, in right of an hereditary ba¬ 
rony in their father’s life-time, it is otherwife. 
The coronets of foreign noblemen differ confidera- 
bly from thofe of the Brltilh nobility ; a French earl 
wears a circle of gold with eighteen pearls fet on, the 
brim of it; a vifeount a circle of gold enamelled with 
four large pearls ; a baron a circle of gold enamelled and 
bound about with a double row of pearls. 
The cap of maintenance, as it is called, which was for¬ 
merly worn by our nobility, is of crimfon velvet, 
lined, and turned up with ermine. Such a cap was 
lent by pope Julius II. with a fword, to king Henry 
VIII. as a reward for his writing a treatife on Tran- 
fubftantiation againfl: Martin Luther; and on that 
occafion he received the title ftill ufed by our fove- 
reigns, of “ Defender of the Faith.” See Plate VIII. 
fig. 14. 
Of MITRES. 
Thefe can hardly be called heraldic bearings, finee 
they are not hereditary, nor do they belong to the per- 
fons who wear them, but to their dignity; yet as the 
mitre is a mark of ecclefiaftical diftinction in the efta- 
blilhed church of EnglancT, and makes a part of the 
exterior ornaments of the armories of archbilhops and 
bilhops, we have giVeri two of them in Plate IX. fig. 
and 13. The firff, -with a plain fillet.of gold, is the 
common mitre which belongs to archbilhops and bilhops, 
with the Angle exception of the palatinate bilhop of 
Durham, who wears the mitre Hitting out of a ducal 
coronet, as Ihown at fig. 13. Many writers on heraldry 
have copied each other in afligning'a ducal coronet to 
the archiepifcopal mitre; but it.is an .error, which re¬ 
quires toTe entirely exploded.' . 
-Of MOTTOS, DEVICES, and BADGES. 
It is recorded by ancient authors,-that,the Gauls, 
Germans, and - other warlike nations, ufed to raife a 
tremendous cry, at the iiiflant of ruliving forth upon' 
their enemies. Whether that warlike, vociferation was 
the repetition of fome peculiar word or plvrafe to invoke 
the protection! of. their gods,.or to excite a dreadful; 
panic among the foe, it is not eafy, rti this difiance of 
L D R Y. ' 447 
time, to afeertain. But w,e cannot help fuppofing, that 
from this barbarous cuftom, the feveral cry d’amfes, cries 
of war, cry de guerre, and mottos, took their origin ; with 
this material difference, however, that the former were 
intended to create confufioiv in the ranks of the adverfe 
party ; while the latter was to produce union among 
themfelves. 
Through oral -tradition, as well as by the help of hif- 
torical records, we are ftill in pdffeilion of many of them. 
They may be divided into public cries of war, and pri¬ 
vate cry d'armes. The firft belonged to whole nations; 
the other to private families. The cry of war for Eng¬ 
land was, Montjoie Notre-Dame, St. George! for France, 
Montjoie St. Denis! The word Montjoie, wiiofe etymology, 
in fpite of the exertions of the moll able antiquarians, 
is ftill enveloped in a cloud of darknefs, was common 
to both nations; but each of them added to it the name 
of their fuppofed patron or protetlor. St. Denis, the 
firft apoftle of France, and firft bilhop of Paris, was called 
upon for inftant and powerful aid; while the Englilh 
addreffed themfelves to the Virgin Mary by the title of 
Our Lady, Notre Dame ; and to St. George, whom the 
author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 
has fo fcandaloufly abufed and reviled, upon the doubt¬ 
ful and fufpicioijs authority of partial and exceptionable 
writers; although for a long lapfe of years this valiant 
martyr has been chofen as the patron of the molt noble 
order of the Garter, and of that virtuous'!and beloved 
fovereign, in whofe reign this celebrious author pub- 
lifhed the indecorous invediive. 
The dukes of Britanny, around the device which they 
adopted, the martin’ or ermine, placed on their banner, 
the words a ma vie. The illuftrious houfe of Montmo¬ 
rency has ftill the polar ftar with the Greek word uttXoivoi;, 
-(unerring, fteady,) for its motto, and -au premier chretien 
for its cry d’armes. It would not be difficult to bring a 
great number more of curious inftahees of thofe devices ; 
but fince they are to be found in many authors, and do 
not conftitute a necelfary. part of our elementary treatife, 
we deem it unneceffary to introduce them. As for the 
mottos of our nobility and gentry, they are carefully 
placed under their refpedftivC arms in the fubfeqtient 
plates. Among them many will be found allulive to 
the name or to the bearing; and this is rather a charac¬ 
ter of antiquity. In ages of barbarifm the Italian 
concetti and monkifh puns were current as real wit; 
but they are no more admired now, than what is cal¬ 
led armesparlantes, canting arms. See the word Rebus, 
in the explanation of heraldic terms, p. 424, of this 
article. 
The motto, a word derived-from the Italian and 
French, was alfo fometimes in allulion to the badge, 
or, as fome authors call it, cognizance. Mottos may be 
taken, changed, varied,' or relinquilhed, at pleafure ; 
they are not ftridlly hereditary as the arms, and. fince 
they were occafional, and produced by peculiar circum- 
ftances, fo they may alfo be given up; as circuinftances. 
or occalioris require. In Scotch armories the motto is 
generally placed in a fcroll over the creft. 
The badge or device, is a figure allufire to fome 
particular circumftantes belonging to a family ; and was!, 
ufually painted or embroidered on banners, military fur- 
.niture, harrieftes, liveries, &c. It is -an-ornament that*, 
was aflumed by any perfon at his own diferetion; arid 
the figure was fuch as he thought mod expr'elfjve of 
the matter he vvilhed to allude to. Sometimes, indeed'; ■ 
badges were granted by fovereigns as tokens of their 
favour; but were oftener aflumed by families when-they 
thought fit fo to do of their own choice and authority. 
■We (hall give here but few inftances of real badges; 
and thefe we have borrowed from the cuftoms of the 
kings of England. 
Henry 11 . is the firft upon record who adopted a badge. 
Being the fori of Maud theemprefs, daughter to Hen; y I. 
and of Geoffrey Piaritagenet earl of Anjou; and-been die 
the badge of the houfe of Anjou was a carbuncle, (lee. 
explanation 
