H E S 
inches afunder, obferving to fliade and water them till 
.they have taken new root; after which they will require 
no other care, but to keep them clean front weeds till 
the autumn, when they may be tranfpla-nted into the 
borders'of the pleafure-garden, where they are defigned 
■Ito flower. The roots which are thus- cut dowji, will 
fend up more ftalks than before; and,, when thefe are 
of a proper height, they may be cut off and treated' in 
the fame way; fo that, if the roots are found, there may 
be two or-three crops of thefe cuttings taken from them, 
and by fo doing the old roots may be continued much 
-longer than if they are permitted to flower; and, by 
this management, there may be always a fupply of good 
plants for the flower-garden. Thefe plants are very 
fubjeet to canker and rot when they are planted in a 
light rich foil, but in poor ftrong ground they will 
thrive’and flower in the utmoft perfection, and the Items 
of flowers become as large, and the flowers as fair, as 
the fined double-ftoCk-gilliflowers. Their feafon of flow¬ 
ering is in the beginning of June, and young plants may 
be raifed from the flalks after the flowers have decayed, 
by cutting them in lengths, and planting them in the 
manner before directed ; but thefe feldom make i'o good 
plants as the young cuttings, nqr are they fo certain to 
grow. 
The fourth fort is rarely cultivated, except in botanic 
gardens. If the feeds are permitted' to fcatter, the plants 
will come up without care, and only require to be kept 
clean from weeds; or they may be iown in fpring or 
autumn, where they are to fiand, for they do not laear 
tranfplanting well. If the feeds of the^fifth are fo.wn in 
the autumn, they iucceed much better than in the fpring. 
If the feeds of th’e fixth are fown in the fpring upon 
fheltered borders, where the plants are to remain, and 
they are thinned and kept clean from weeds, the plants 
will flower in July, and produce.ripe feeds in autumn. 
See Cheiranthus, Erysimum, and Sisymbrium. 
HESPER'ITIS, in ancient geography, a country of 
Africa. Diod. 4. 
HES'PERUS, in mythology, a fon of Japetus, bro¬ 
ther to Atlas. He came to Italy, and the country 
received the name of Hefperia from him, according to . 
fome accounts! He had a daughter called Hefperis, 
who married Atlas, and became mother of feven daugh¬ 
ters, called Atlantides or Hefperides. Diod. 4.—The 
name of Hefperus was alfo applied to the planet Venus, 
when it appeared after the letting of the lun. It was 
called Phofphorus, or Lucifer, when it preceded the fun.. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 2. 
HES'PRES, a river of France, which runs into the 
Sambre five miles below Landrecy. 
HES'PYN, a river of Wales, which runs into the 
Cluyd, two miles fouth of Ruthyn, in the county of 
Denbigh. 
HES'RON, [Heb. adivifion-of the fong.J A man’s 
name. 
HES'RONITE, a defcendant of Hefron. 
HESSE, or Hes'sia, a principality of Germany, bor¬ 
dering on the Upper Rhine, the boundaries of which 
have been different at different times; at prefent it is 
bounded by the hifhopric of Fulda, the principalities of 
Hersfeld, Thuringia, Eich'sfeld, Calenberg, and Wal- 
deck, bifliopric of Paderborn, duchy of Weftphalia, and 
counties of Witgenftein, Solmes, Naflau Dillenburg, and 
Upper Ifenburg. In thefe limits'the county of Catze- 
nelnbogen, and fome other territories, are not included. 
The landgraviate of Helfe, confidered in itfelf, is rather 
more than eighty miles in length; the breadth is very 
unequal. The air is wholelome ; tile ioil is mountainous 
and woody, interfperled with pleafant valleys and plains,- 
fertile in corn and paitures, which feed multitudes of 
cattle; the fides of the hills are covered with vines ; 
game and filh are plentiful, fo likewife are fruit and 
honey. Near Erankenberg is a gold-mine, and fome 
gold-land is found in the Eder. Mines of filver, copper, 
lead, and iron, are found; as likewife alum, vitriol, ful- 
H ■ E S 829 
plutr, coal, bole,, pipe-makers’.clay, marble, and ala- 
baftely with feveral fait fpring^, mineral watery and 
medicinal baths. The principal rivers, befides the Rhine 
and the Maine, are the Lahn, Schwalm, Fulda, Werra, 
and Diemel, which five rivers give name to five diftridfts 
ordivifions: other rivers are tiie Lumb, Ohm, Eder, 
Ems, Sec. The Medians are defcended from the ancient 
Catti whence the -derivation of Hefl'e,, according to 
fome ; but others lay it. is derived from the river Efl'e, 
which runs into the Fulda ; but tjie whole territory was 
the feat of th.e Cattians. In the year 902 there were 
counts of He He ; and one of them became king of Ger¬ 
many. In 1292, Hefl'e became a principality of Germany, 
though it infenfibly afterwards came to be commonly 
termed a landgraviate. The territories were all united 
under Philip the Generous, from whom the modern land¬ 
graves are defcended. In his will he divided his domi¬ 
nions among four Tons, but the eldeft had half; from 
him defcended the houfe of Hefle C'aflel : the yoiingeft 
received half one quarter part, and was the founder of 
the houfe of Hefl'e Darmfladt. The two other brothers 
dying without, heirs, their ■territories were divided be¬ 
tween the two furviving branches ; but-this divifibn oc- 
cafioned long difputes, and many violent contentions. 
The rank between the two landgraves is alternate. Thus 
in Heflia are two fovereign families, namely, Caflel and 
Darmfladt; between whom all the Heflian territories are 
divided ; but feveral articles of fovereignty have conti¬ 
nued in common. The right of primogeniture has been, 
introduced and confirmed by former emperors. In both 
houfes are princes appenaged ; thofe of Hefle Call'd are 
Hefl’e Philippffhal, and Rothenburg, or Rhinfejs. Hefle 
Homburg is the only appenage of Hefle Darmfladt. The 
annual revenue of Hefl'e Caflel is effimated at about 
1,200,000 rixdollars. Thofe of Darmfladt at 600,000. 
The military eftablilhment for Caflel, before the late 
revolution, confided of three regiments of foot-guards, 
ten regiments of infantry, a regiment of life-guards, a 
regiment of gens d’armes, three regiments of cavalry, 
two of dragoons, a corps of huflars,,a,corps of chafleurs, 
another of artillery, and feven regiments in garrilon. 
That of Darmfladt, fince the revolution in 'Germany,. of 
a regiment of foot-guards, two Iquadrons of dragoons,, 
two regiments of infantry, and four battalions of militia. 
Heflia is divided into Upper and Lower, and fubdivided 
into five diftricts, which take their names from rivers, 
as before obferved.. The principal town of Lotver Heflia 
is Caflel, and Marburg is the capital of Upper Heflia. 
The religion is principally the reformed. The univer- 
fities are thofe of Marburg and Rinteln, in Hefl'e Caflel; 
and' Gieilen, in Hefl'e Darmfladt. The Heflian,s' are a 
brave people, and have been generally ranked among 
the belt foldiers in Germany. 
HESSE (William, Prince of), rendered hjs name im¬ 
mortal by his encouragement of learning, by mis Andies,, 
and by his obfervations, for many years, of the celeftial 
bodies. For this ptirpofe he eredted an obfervatory at- 
Caflel, and furnilhed it with good iiiflruments, well 
adapted to that defign; calling alfo to his afliftance two 
very eminent artifls, Chiiftopher Rothmann and Jufte 
Bvrge. His obfer.vations, which are or a very curious and 
iutei elting nature, were publilhqd at Leyden, in 1618, by 
Willebrprd Snell ; and are in part mentioned by Tycho 
Brahe, as well in his Epiftles as in the feebnd volume 
of his Progymnafmata ; a fignal example to all princely 
and heron, minds, to undertake the advancement of this 
truly noble and celeftial fcience. This prince died in 
-the year 1597. 
HES'SEL, a town in the duchy of Guelderland: five 
miles eaft of Bommel. 
HES'SELS, of Hesse'liu.s (John), a learned catho¬ 
lic divine, profeiTorof theology in the university of Lou¬ 
vain, born in 1522. He is clafled among the illulfrious 
ornaments of that univerfity,. not fo much on account 
either of his eloquence or profound erudition,, as for , 
the utility of his labours. .His eojitroverfial writings 
s againft 
