LOGIC. 
m 
•Mens;) in the latter it is termed pure, (converiio fim* 
pliciter talis.) 
General Rules of Converfion. 
53, With refpeft to conclufions of underftanding by 
Converfion ; we have the following rules. 
1. Univerfal-affirmative judgments admit only of altered 
converfion; for the predicate in tbefe judgments is the 
wider conception, and there is confequently only a part 
of it contained in the fubjeCl. 
2. All univerfal-negative judgments admit of pure con¬ 
verfion ; for by negation the fubjeCl is placed out of the 
fphere of the predicate. 
3. All particular-affirmative judgments admit of pure 
converfion; for here a part of the fphere of the fubjeCt is 
claffied under the predicate ; confequently a part of the 
fphere of the predicate admits of being ranked under the 
fubjeft. 
Remark (1.) In univerfal-affirmative judgments, the 
fubjeCl is contained under the fphere of the predicate. We 
ought, therefore, for inftance, to conclude thus; All men 
are Mortal ; therefore fame of thofe beings nvho are mortal are 
Men. The reafon why umverfal negative judgments ad¬ 
mit of pure converfion is, that two conceptions univer- 
fally contradicting each other contradict themfelves in 
equal extent. 
(2.) Many univerfal affirmative judgments admit indeed 
of pure converfion; the ground of this does^not lie in the 
form, but in the particular quality of the matter of them. 
As for inftance, All that is unalterable is neceffiary , and ail 
that is neceffiary is unalterable. 
4. Conclufions of Underfianding as to Modality ; i. e. by 
Contraposition of Judgments. 
54. Immediate conclufion by contrapofition confifts in that 
tranfpofition whereby merely the Quality of the judgment 
is altered, but the Quantity remains the fame. They con¬ 
cern only the Modality of judgments, fince they change an 
Affiertorical into an ApodiClical. 
General Rule of Contrapofition. 
55. All univerfal-affirmative judgments admit of pure 
contrapofition. For if the predicate, as that which con¬ 
tains the SubjeCl under it, be negated; then, as the whole 
fphere is negated, fo inuft alfo a part of it, namely, the 
Subject, be negated. 
Remark. The tranfpofition of Judgments by converfion 
and contrapofition are fo far oppofed to each other, that the 
former merely change the Quantity, the latter the Quality. 
This refers only to Categorical Judgments. 
3. The propofition which applies, affirmatively or nega¬ 
tively, the predicate of the rule to the fubfumpted know¬ 
ledge; and is called the Conclufion. 
The two former propofitions in their connection with 
each other are termed the Premifes. 
Remark (1.) The above explanation is merely logical 
but yet ftriCtly correCl; for it Hates that each conclufion 
confifts of three diftinCt Judgments. In the major are 
compared the Predicate and the Middle-term-, in the minor.. 
the SuhjeCt and the Middle-term-, and in the Conclusion 
the SubjeCl and the Predicate. It raufl however never be 
forgotten, that Logic is only a Dogmatical Science, which is 
content to alfume things and take them as true ; (fee Re¬ 
mark to No 1.) It may therefore throw fome light on 
this important fubjeCt to purfue the examination of Con¬ 
clufion to its m?/effenee: (fee vol. xi. p.613.) The ge¬ 
neral nature of a Conclufion is that it confifts of three 
judgments; but, as every judgment comprehends a repre- 
fented variety in a Conception, a conclufion will confift 
of three conceptions. Thus it comprehends an intuition un¬ 
der a conception, and a conception under a higher concep¬ 
tion-, arranging what is particular under what is general. 
For initance, All men are mortal-, Kant is a man ; therefore 
Kant is mortal. The fphere of the conception Mortal is the 
largeft; Man is the next in extent, and is comprehended 
in the former; and the intuition Kant is contained in the 
conception Man. The higheft conception under which 
the others are arranged muft be ftridtly univerfal; that is, 
it muft be an Idea, otherwife no Conclufion is poffible,, 
Thus it will be evident, that, where the predicate in a Judg¬ 
ment does not immediately apply to the fubjeCt, it is not 
a Judgment of Underf anding, but a Judgment of Reafon, and 
requires a middle term, as the following figures may il~- 
lu It rate. 
Predicate. Middle Term. Subjeft. 
The relation of the condition to the affiertion, namely, how 
the latter ftands under the former, is the Explanation of 
the Rule. The knowledge that there is a condition is 
the Subfumption. The connection, of that which has been 
fubfumpted under the condition, with the affertion of the 
Rule, is the Conclufion. 
II. Conclusions of Reason. See Plate III. 
Rational Conclufions in General. 
56. A Rational Conclufion is the knowledge of the 
Neceffity of a propofition, in confequence of its condition 
ranking under a Univerfal Rule. 
Univerfal Principle of all Rational Conclufions. 
57. The univerfal principle, upon which the truth of 
all conclufion by Reafon reits, may be thus formally ex- 
preffied : IVbat Jlands under the Condition of a Rulc,Jiands alfo 
under the Rule itfelf. 
Remark. A Rational Conclufion premifes a Univerfal 
Rule, and a fubfumption under the condition of the rule. 
Thus we obtain the conclufion a priori. For, that the in¬ 
dividual funds under the univerfal, and is determinable by it, 
is precifely the principle of Rationality or of Neceffity. 
Effiential Confituents of all Conclufions of Reafon. 
58. Every Rational Conclufion contains the' three fol¬ 
lowing parts. 
r. A Univerfal Rule, which is called the Major pro¬ 
pofition ; 
2. The propofition which ranks a knowledge under the 
condition of a univerfal rule, and is called the Minor pro¬ 
pofition ; 
VOL.XIII. No. 885. 
Matter and Form of Conclufions of Reafon. 
59. The Matter of a Rational Conclufion confifts in the 
Premifes ; the Form in the Conclufion, in as much as it 
contains the Confequence. 
Remark (1.) In a Rational Conclufion we muft firft 
prove the truth of the premifes, and then the correClnefs of 
the confequence. We muft never reject a rational inference, 
till we have found reafon to rejedt either the premifes or 
the confequence. 
(2.) In every Rational Conclufion, the conclufion itfelf 
is given as foon as the premifes and confequence are given, 
Divifion of Conclufions of Reafon into Categorical, Hy¬ 
pothetical, and Disjunctive. 
60. As Conclufions of Reafon can only regard the rela¬ 
tions of things, it is eafy to determine that there are but 
three daffies of conclufions poffible, underthehead Relation, 
(fee the Table of Judgments;) namely, the Catego *. 
rical, the Hypothetical, and the Disjunctive. All rules 
(judgments) contain a variety connedled into an objec¬ 
tive unity of Confcioufnefs; confequently, a condition 
under which one knowledge is connected with another 
in oimconfcioufnefs. Now there are only three poffible 
conditions of this unity. Either a knowledge muft he 
the fubjeCt of tlie inherence of its marks3 or one know- 
H ledge 
