23 
L O G I C. 
In (lie Disjunctive Judgment, Kant is either an European, 
an Ajiatic, an African, or an American ; let x rcprelent the 
intuition Kant ; let a rcprelent the whole fphere of the 
Conception under confideration, namely, the world ; and 
b, c, d, e, the members of Disjunction. Hence, as x is 
contained under a, it mult confequently be found either 
in b, c, d, or e, which taken together complete the fphere 
sj 
5 
- cc --- 
C 
d 
€ 
Thus in Disjunlilive Judgments, we think many things by 
one Conception-, and in Categorical we think one thing by 
many Conceptions. 
Modality of Judgments, Problematical, AJfertorical, and Apo- 
didlical. 
30. According to Modality, which determines the re¬ 
lation of the Judgment to the Knowing Faculty, Judg¬ 
ments are either Problematical, Alfertorical, or Apodifti- 
cal; the Problematical are accompanied with the confci- 
oufnefs of the mere Poffibility ; the AJfertorical with the 
confcioufnefs of the A duality ; and the ApodiElical with 
the confcioufnefs of the NeceJJity of the Judgment. 
Remark (1.) Modality of Judgments, therefore, only 
Ihows the manner how, in any Judgment, fomething is 
either affirmed or denied ; that is, in what manner we 
maintain the truth or falfehood of a Judgment. For in¬ 
ftance, in the Judgment, The Soul of man may be immor¬ 
tal ; the truth is here only Problematically determined, that 
it is pollible. In the Judgment, The Soul is immortal ; it is 
Affertorically determined, that it is actually fo. In 
the Judgment, The Soul must be immortal ; it is Apo- 
diCtically determined that it mult of neceflity be fo. This 
determination of the poffible, the adual, and the neceffary, 
truth, concerns therefore the judgment itfelf, and by no 
means the thing judged of. 
(2.) Upon the difference between Problematical and Af- 
fertorical judgments, relts the true dilference between 
Judgments and Proportions. Thefe terms have hitherto been 
confounded. In a Judgment, is thought the relation of 
various reprefentations to a unity of confcioufnefs, but 
only Problematically. In a Proportion, this relation is 
thought Affertorically . A problematical proportion is a 
contradiction in terms ; for before I obtain a-propofition 
I mud tar ft of all judge, which I do in many cafes with¬ 
out proving my judgment. But to eftablilh a propofition 
I mult prove my judgment. It is good to judge proble¬ 
matically before we determine a judgment Affertorically ; 
indeed it is not always neceffary to our purpole to have 
affertorical judgments. 
Exponible Judgments. 
31. Judgments, in which an affirmation and a negation 
are contained at the fame time, but in a concealed man¬ 
ner, fo. that the affirmation is indeed evident, but the ne¬ 
gation concealed ; are exponible propofitions. 
Remark. In the exponible judgment, for inftance, Few 
men are learned, lies , firjl, but in a concealed manner, the 
negative judgment, Many men are not learned-, fecondly, the 
affirmative, Some men are learned. As the nature of expo¬ 
nible propofitions wholly depends upon the conditions of 
fpeech, which enables us to exprefs in a concife manner 
two judgments at once ; it'is to be remarked, that, from 
the nature of language, many judgments occur which 
muft be explained in grammar, and net in logic. 
Theoretical and Pradical Propnf.tions. 
32. A Theoretical propofition is that which refers to an 
objeCt 5 and determines what does, or does not, belong 
to it. A Practical propofition, that which expreffes the 
aCtion as a neceffary condition, whereby an object is pof- 
fible. 
Remark. Logic has only to treat of Practical propor¬ 
tions with refpeCt to their Form, which are to far oppofed 
to Theoretical. Practical proportions, with regard to their 
matter, belong to morals ; and mult again be diltinguilhed 
from Speculative. 
hidemonjlrable and Demonjlrable Propofitions. 
33. Demonftrable proportions are thofe which are ca¬ 
pable of proof; Indemonftrable, thofe which are incapa¬ 
ble of proof: the latter are alfo called immediately - certain, 
and therefore confidered as Elementary propofitions. 
Principles. 
34. Immediately-certain judgments a priori may be 
called Principles, when other judgments can be deduced 
from them, but no others lubltituted for them. They 
may on this account be called Elements. 
Intuitive and Difcurfwe Principles, or Axioms and Acroams. 
35. Principles are either intuitive or difeurfive. The 
former can be viewed in the intuition, and are called 
Axioms ; the latter can only be expreffed by conceptions, 
and may be called Acroams. 
Analytic and Synthetic Propofitions. 
36. Analytic proportions are fuch, whofe certainty reds 
upon the Identity of their conceptions (he. of the predicate 
with the notion of the fubjeft) ; e. g. Allbodies are extended. 
For take away the predicate extended, and the whole va- 
niffies. Propofitions whofe truth is not grounded upon 
the identity of conceptions, muft be termed Synthetical 
propofitions ; e. g. All bodies attrad. Takeaway the predi¬ 
cate attraEl, and the body (till remains. 
Remark (1.) Synthetical propofitions increafe our know¬ 
ledge in point of matter ; analytical improve it in point of 
form. 
(2.) Analytical principles are not Axioms, for they are 
difeurfive. And Synthetical principles are only then 
Axioms .when they <pe intuitive. 
Tautological Propofitions. 
37. The Identity of Conceptions in Analytical Judgments 
may be either explained or implied , In the former cafe 
they are Tautological Propofitions. 
Remark (1.) Tautological proportions are virtually 
empty, for nothing can be deduced from them, they are 
therefore without ufe or advantage. This is the cafe, for 
inftance, in the tautological propofition, Man is Man-, for, 
by faying Man is man, I do not increafe rny Knowledge of 
man. Implied identical propofitions are not virtually- 
empty, tor they make the predicate clear, that is implied 
in the conception of the fubject. 
(2.) Virtually-empty proportions muft be diftinguiffied 
from fenfelefs; the latter want intelligibility, becaufe 
they concern the determination of Occult Qualities. 
Pojlulates and Problems. 
38. Populates are immediately-certain praftical propo¬ 
rtions or principles, that determine poffible actions ; im¬ 
plying the manner of performing them with immediate cer¬ 
tainty. Problems are demonftrable propofitions requiring 
further direction; and expreffing an action whofe manner 
of performance is not immediately certain. 
Remark (1.) There may be Theoretical Poftulates for the 
advantage of Practical Reafon. Thefe are theoretical in 
a praElicai point of view, that is, neceffary Hypothefes ; for 
inftance, The exijlence of God , The Freedom of the will •, A 
FutureJlate-, &c» 
(*•> 
