% 30 LON 
There was now Tome appearance that Teemed to me¬ 
nace a turn of fortune in favour of the French. But 
lord Wellington was firm in adhering to his plan, nor ever 
fora moment doubted of ultimate fuccefs. He conlidered 
that, if the reinforcements Tent, or yet to be Tent, (hould 
be unable to protect his convoys againft the attacks of 
thofe numerous bodies of troops that haraffed him in flank 
and rear, and to cover the formation of magazines, they 
would aggravate the diftrefs arifing from the want of ne- 
flfeflaries, inftead of alleviating it. The ardour and acti¬ 
vity of lord Wellington were fuitable to the importance 
of the crilis: he was very {'paring in his diet, and flept in 
his clothes, he was up every morning at four o’clock, and, 
at five he rode out and vifited his advanced pofts. The en- 
thuflafm with which he was actuated was infufed by fympa- 
thy. The whole country was under arms. Every thing 
at Lifbon was military. The city was garriToned by 
marines from the Englifh fleet. The garrifon of Lif¬ 
bon was Tent to reinforce the army, which was alfo"aug¬ 
mented by the arrival of io or j2,ooo men, under the 
marquis of Romans. The greater part of the Britifh 
troops had arrived from Cadiz, and other regiments were 
arriving from time to time from the Mediterranean, Lif¬ 
bon, and Gibraltar. The Teamen and marines were alfo 
landed from the fleet, to aflift in working the guns in the 
batteries. The banks of the Tagus on the right were 
flanked by our armed boats, and feven (loops were fent up 
the river. Great fortifications were raifed on the fouth of 
the Tagus, to cover the river and protefl the (hipping. 
The peninfula, formed by a creek or fmall bay at Moita, 
near Aldea Gallega, on the Tagus, and the bay of St. 
Ubes, at Settuval, was cut off from the French by a dou¬ 
ble line of fortifications, mounted with heavy artillery, 
and manned, partly, by a body of 3000 Teamen; To that 
the enemy could not advance to Almeida oppofite to Lif¬ 
bon ; which it was apprehended might be his intention. 
The corps of general Hill and general Beresford were 
polled on the fouth bank of the river; while, in front of 
the grand line of Torres Vedras, lord Wellington lay with 
the main body of the Britilh army at Cartaxo. The Britilh 
fleet lay between ; and, on whichfoever fide an attack might 
be made, was ready to bring over reinforcements from the 
other. The number of troops that could be brought into 
action, within not many hours, has been varioully dated. 
They feem, as we have been able to judge, in point of 
numbers, to have been pretty nearly equal; that is, on 
each fide from 80 to 90,000. What advantage of num¬ 
bers there was, probably Lay on the fide of the allies. 
Such nearly were the relative pofitions and force of the 
French and the allied army of Portugal at the clofe of 
s 3 1 o. 
After the fad reverfes of fortune fuffered by the Spa¬ 
niards towards the clofe of 1809, when they were con¬ 
vinced, by multiplied experience, that their armies were 
altogether unfit to contend with the French in pitched 
battles, they had again recourfe to that delultory warfare 
which had been To wifely recommended by the junta of 
Seville at the beginning of the revolution, and which had 
been carried on for Come time with fo much fuccefs. The 
junta of Badajoz iffued a fpii ited and energetic addrefs to 
the Spaniih nation, roufing them to a defiance of the in¬ 
vaders, even in the mid ft of their triumphs ; and gave or¬ 
ders for railing the greateft poflible number of detached 
corps. The order of the junta fpecified alfo the weapons 
to be ufed : thefe were only two ; the muficet, and the 
ciiihillo, or tide-knife : the mulket forattacking the enemy’s 
convoys and detachments by ambuih and i'urprife ; and 
the cuchillo for attacks by night and in the ftreets. 
Among the molt renowned chiefs or leaders of the Gue¬ 
rillas, (lb the parties of armed Spaniards were called,) were 
Longa, in Galicia and Afturias; Mina, in the north of 
Caltille ; Santocildes, in Leon ; Don Juan Sanchez, near 
Salamancha ; baron Deroles, in Arragon ; and l’Empeci- 
nado, (the appellation affumed by a gentleman of the 
name of Martin,) in the vicinity of Madrid. 
D O N. 
The French troops, after the retreat oflord Wellington, 
and the total defeat of the main Spanifh army under 
Ariefaga, were difperfed in different and diftant ftations, 
for procuring fubfiftence, and keeping the territories they 
had overrun in lubjettion. The allied army prefented a 
formidable force on the frontier of Spain. The French, 
in the profecution or their grand defign, the reduction of 
Cadiz and Lifbon, were obliged to concentrate their forces. 
This operated asm diverfion in favour of the Guerillas. 
Many places occupied before by the French, fell into the 
hands of the Guerillas : among thefe were Oviedo and 
Gijon, in Afturias. When the French divilions were 
drawn together for oppofing the united armies of lord 
Wellington and general Cuefta, the Guerillas, taking ad¬ 
vantage of their abfence, fcoured the country in different 
directions. When the French returned, after the retreat 
from Talavera, to their old quarters, the Guerillas were 
difperfed, but not fubdued; for, on the departure of the 
French troops from a variety of pofts, to join Maffena, 
the Guerillas appeared again in force with increafed bold- 
nels ; and of this alternation of concentrating the French 
forces for fighting great battles, and difperling the dif¬ 
ferent divilions for fubfiftence in a poor and exhaufted 
country refolute to maintain its independence, there Teemed 
to be no end. In proportion as the Guerillas increaTed in 
numbers and daring rcTolution, it became neceffary for 
the French to Tend Itronger and ftronger efforts for pro¬ 
tecting their couriers and convoys againft thofe parties 
who inceffantly attacked the enemy in the rear, impeded 
his communications, cut off his fupplies, and, by the 
booty that fell into their hands, made up in no inconli- 
derable degree for the ravages committed in the provinces 
by the invaders. Indeed the mifery to which the country 
had been reduced was fo great as to drive many young 
men to the Guerillas as their only means of a livelihood. 
We find the French generals, in their private difpatches 
to the government, (intercepted,) continually deploring 
the neceflity they were under of detaching or feparating 
their divilions, for the purpofe of maintaining the public 
tranquillity in the conquered provinces. The French, ha¬ 
raffed on every fide by an armed population, were igno¬ 
rant of the number of enemies they had to contend with. 
The Guerillas, difperfed by fuperior forces in one place, 
appeared re-organized in another : new bodies of armed 
men feemed to fpring up from the earth after they were 
fuppofed to be deltroyed. 
A convoy deftined for the pay of the French arm}'-, 
was intercepted in the night of the 10th of October, by 
the celebrated partifan, the patriot hero, Mina, between 
Bayonne and Madrid. The governor of Gomara fent 300 
men to reinforce the effort, which was alio 300. The 
whole was difperfed or taken by joo under Mina, who 
became mailer of twelve carts loaded with filver, fixty 
prifoners, thirty horffs, arms, and ammunition.—A con¬ 
voy was taken by the Guerillas, of 6000 mulkets, and 
6000 uniforms, on its way from Bayonne to the troops in 
Afturias.—In the environs of Madrid, a body of 8000 
men, under l’Empecinado, made king Joleph himfelf 
tremble on his ufurped throne.—It was ttated in a Spaniih 
journal, that, about the beginning of September, “ the 
uncle and worthy fucceffor of the immortal Mina, in the 
command of his party, had routed near Pampeiuna 800 
ganachies [apes].” So the Spaniards nick-named the French ; 
as the Americans, in the war with England, called our 
foldiers lobjlers. It is added in the Tame paragraph, that 
this excellent warrior laid Pampeiuna itfflf under contri¬ 
bution, by threatening to ftarve it. The common effort 
Tor a courier to the lmaileft diltance was 100 dragoons; 
to France 1400. But towards the end of 1810, when the 
Guerillas had increaled prodigioully, both in boldnefsand 
numbers, at the Tame time that the PortugueTe militia and 
ordenanza hung in great force on the rear of MalTena, 
this force was deemed very inadequate indeed to the fer- 
vice. In November, a body of French infantry and ca¬ 
valry, 3050 ftrong, palling the Zezere, and, croffing the 
Lowes 
