LON ' LON 623 
ghofts,and hobgoblins, vanishes, or as reafon and common The pofition of any thing to eaft or weft.—The longitude 
fenfe procure an afcendency over fuperftition and folly, of a ftar is its diftance from the firft point of numeration 
LONG'INGLY, adv. With inceflant willies : towards the eaft, which firft point, unto the ancients, was 
To his firft bias longingly he leans. 
And rather would .be great by wicked means. Drydcn. 
LONG'ISH, adj. Somewhat long. 
LONG 1 NLCO, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the 
Morea, anciently called Olympia, famous for being the 
place where the Olympic games were celebrated, and for 
the temple of Jupiter Olympus, about a mile diftant. It 
is now but a final! place, feated on the river Alpheus, ten 
miles from its mouth, and fifty fouth of Lepanto. Lat. 
37. 30. N. Ion. 22. o. E. 
LONGI'NUS (Dionyfius), a celebrated Greek critic 
and philofopher of the third century, is fuppofed by fome 
to have been an Athenian, by ethers a Syrian. He wqs 
firft the difciple, and then the heir, of Cornelius Fronto, 
the nephew of Plutarch. In his youth Longinus travelled 
for improvement to Athens, Rome, Alexandrium, and 
other cities diftinguilhed for literature; and attended the 
ieftures of all the eminent mailers in eloquence and phi- 
lofophy. The fy(tem he chiefly followed was the eclefftic 
of Ammonius Sacca : he tvas likewife a great admirer of 
Plato, vvhofe memory he honoured by an annual feftival. 
Such was the extent of his erudition, that he was called 
by his cotemporaries “ the living library.” He appears 
to have taught philofophy at Athens, where Porphyry was 
one of his difciples. His reputation caufed him to be in¬ 
vited to the court of the celebrated Zsnobia, queen of 
Palmyra, who took his inllruflions in the Greek language, 
and made ufeof his counfels on political occalions. This 
diftinftion was fatal to him. After the emperor Aure- 
lian, in his expedition againft Zenobia, had defeated her 
troops, and made her captive, ftie attempted to avert the 
refentment of the conqueror by imputing her refiftance to 
the advice of her minifters and counfellors. Longinus, 
who fell into his hands among the reft, was particularly 
fufpe&ed of having compofed the fpirited anfwer of the 
queen to Aurelian’s fummons ; and, without refpebl for 
his genius and learning, he was ordered for inftant exe¬ 
cution. His philofophy fupported him in this hour of 
trial; and lie calmly fubmitted to his fate, with expreftions 
of pity for his unfortunate miftrefs, and confolation to 
his afflicted friends. Tibi's event took place A.D. 273. 
Among the numerous writings of Longinus, his “Trea- 
tife on the Sublime” is the only one remaining, and this, 
too, in a mutilated and imperfefl ftate. It has always 
been greatly admired for the elevation of its language and 
fentiments, which has caufed one of our poets to charac- 
terife him as being “ himfelf the great fublime he draws.” 
He is one o r the very few ancients who appear to have 
been acquainted with the Jewifti feriptures. Of the edi¬ 
tions of Longinus, the molt efteemed are that of Tallius, 
Traj. ad Rhen. 1694, 4to. of Hudfon, Oxon. 1710, 8vo. of 
Pearce, Lond. 1724, 4to. and of Toup, with Ruhnken’s 
emendations, Oxon. 1778, 8vo. An excellent EngliHi 
tranflation of Longinus was publiftied in 1739, by Dr. 
Smith, whofe verfion of Thucydides alfo gained him great 
reputation : but fuch changes have infenfibly crept into 
our language during the laft 70 years, that, though faith¬ 
ful, the Englifh Longinus Teems now’ to want elegance. 
LON'GITUDE,/i [longitude, Fr. longitudo, Lat.] Length ; 
the greateft dimenfion.—The ancients did determine the 
longitude of all rooms, which w ere longer than broad, by 
the double of their latitude. Wotton. —The circumference 
of the earth meafured from any meridian.—Some of Ma- 
gellanus’s company were the firft that did compafs the 
world through all the degrees of longitude. Abbot. —The 
diftance of any part of the earth to the eaft or weft of any 
place. — His was the method of difeovering the longitude 
by bomb-veflels. Arbuthnot. 
To conclude; 
Of longitudes, what other way have we, 
But to mark when and where the dark eclipfes be ? Donne. 
the vernal equinox. Brown's Vulgar Errours. —See the ar¬ 
ticles Astronomy, Geography, anil Horolgy. 
LONGITU'DINAL, adj. [from longitude.] Meafured 
by the length ; running in the longeft direction.— Longi¬ 
tudinal is oppofed to t-ranfverfe: thefe veficnlte are dif- 
tended, and their longitudinal diameters ftraitened, and fo 
the length of the whole mufcle fliortened. Ckyne . 
LONGITUDINALLY, adv. Lengthwife, in the di¬ 
rection of the longitude. 
LONGJUMEAU', a town of France, in the department 
of the Seine and Oil’e, and chief place of a canton, in the 
diftrift of Corbeil : ten miles fouth of Paris. The place 
contains 1434, and the canton 13,650, inhabitants. 
LONG'LY, adv. [from To long.] Longingly ; with 
great liking : 
Matter, you look’d fo longly on the maid, 
Perhaps you mark not what’s the pith of all. Shakefpeare . 
I.ONG'MAY, a town of Scotland, in the county of 
Aberdeen : five miles fouth of Fraferburgh. 
LONG'NEY, a village in Gloucefterftiire, feven miles 
north-well of Stroud, three eaft of Newnham, and feven 
fouth-weft of Gioucefter. 
LONG'NON, a village in Salop, near the river Warren, 
weft of Wenlock. 
LONG'NOR, a town of England, in the county of 
Stafford, on the borders of Derbyfitire, with a weekly 
market on Wednefday : 32 miles north of Stafford, and 
167 north-welt of London. 
LONG'NY, a town of France, in the department of the 
Orne : nine miles eaft of Mortagne, and twelve north-eall 
of Bellefine. 
LONGOBAR'DI. See Lombards. 
LONGOBAR'DO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra: 
ten miles fouth-weft of Cofenza. 
LONGOBU'CO, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra : 
fourteen miles fouth of Rofano. 
LONGOMON'TANUS (Chriftian), an eminent Danifli 
aftronomer, was the fon of a poor labouring peafant, and 
born at Longomontiutn, an obfeure village in Jutland, 
whence he took his furname, in the year 1562. Having 
afforded early indications of a love for learning, his father 
did all that lay in his power to procure him inftruftion ; 
and, upon the death of that parent when he was only eight 
years of age, on* of his uncles took him to relide for 
fome time with him, and had him taught by the minillcr 
of the place. That relation, however, finding that the 
expenfe of paying for his education was greater than his 
circumftances would afford, at laft advifed him to return 
to his mother, and to earn his living, as his brothers did, 
by ploughing. Notwithstanding this lad di{appointment, 
young Longomontanus was not difheartened ; but, pof- 
fefting an inextinguilhable third for knowledge, improved 
every opportunity which his laborious life permitted, in 
endeavouring to acquire it. At length, by his earneft 
intreaties he prevailed fo far, that his mother gave him 
leave to ftudy all the winter, upon the condition that he 
worked all the fummer in the fields. He went on thus 
for fome time; but, being tired out with the ill-treatment 
and reproaches of his brothers and fillers, who could net 
bear to fee him furpafs them as he did, he determined to 
Heal away from his family, and to try his fortune in the 
world. Accordingly, at the age of fifteen, he fuddenly 
left his mother’s houfe, and went to Wiburg, a town 
twelve miles diftant from liis native place, where there 
was a college. Here he fpent eleven years; and, though 
he was forced to procure the means of fupport by bis in- 
duffry, he neverthelefs applied to his ftudies with extreme 
ardour, and made a great progrefs in learning, particularly 
in the mathematical fciences. Afterwards he went from 
Wiburg to Copenhagen ; where, by the great proficiency 
which he had already made, and his inceflant application, 
, he 
