716 L O X I A. 
white ; the tail black ; legs brown. Comes from Hudfon’s 
Bay and New York. 
3. Loxia coccothrauftes, the grolbeak, or hawfinch. 
This bird is an inhabitant of the temperate climates; 
and thefpecies, though rather ftationary, is not numerous. 
Its Latin name, coccothraufics, is derived from kohxoc,, a grain 
or kernel, and 6^ a.vco , to break, becaufe it feeds upon cher- 
ry-ftones. This bird is fix inches and three quarters in 
length. The bill is three quarters of an inch, and not 
much lefs in depth at the bate; in thape conical, and pro- 
digioufiy ftrong ; the colour in fome is black, in others 
horn-colour; irides aih-colour; between the bill and the 
eye, round the noftrils, and on the chin, the feathers are 
black ; the crown of the head rufous chefnut; fides of it 
the fame, but paler ; hind part of the neck alh-colour; the 
back and fmaller wing-coverts chefnut, inclining to grey 
on the rump ; the greater wing-coverts grey. The under 
parts are pale rufous blotl'om-colour, growing almoft white 
towards the vent; the-quills are all black, except fome 
neared: the body of the fecondaries, which are brown ; the 
four outer ones feem to be cut off at the tips, and are be- 
fides bent at the end, giving an odd appearance; the 
prime quills have each of them a fpot of white about the 
middle of the inner web ; the tail is alfo black, but the 
two middle feathers incline to cinereous near the end, and 
all the outer ones have the end half white on the inner 
webs and tip; legs pale brown. See the Plate, fig. 2. 
The female is lefs bright in colour ; the part between the 
bill and eye is grey inltead of black. This may ferve for 
a general defeription, but the colours vary much : the 
head in fome parts has the top whitiih, furrounded with 
rufous; in others wholly black; the band of the wings 
in fome is almolt white, in others grey, and again wholly 
wanting. Specimens have alfo been feen with the body 
wholly black, the bread and belly fpotted with rufous, 
and the upper mandible the longed ; and fome have been 
met with which were wholly white, the quills excepted. 
This fpecies is ranked among the Britilh birds ; but it 
only vifits thefe kingdoms occafionally, and for the mod 
part in winter, and is never known to breed here. It is 
more plentiful in France, coming into Burgundy in fmall 
flocks about the beginning of April; and foon after makes 
the ned, which is placed between the bifurcation of the 
branches of trees, about twelve feet from the ground ; it 
is compofed of fmall dry fibres, intermixed with liver¬ 
wort, and lined with finer materials. The eggs are of a 
roundilh lliape, of a bluilh green fpotted with olive brown, 
with a few irregular black markings interfperfed. It is 
alfo common in Italy, Germany, Sweden, and the wed 
and fouthern parts of Rulfia, where the wild fruits grow; 
in the red of the empire it is fcarce, except beyond Lake 
Baikal, where they arrive from the fouth in great plenty, 
to feed on the berries of a tree, the Pyrus baccata, pecu¬ 
liar to that country. From the great drength of its bill, 
it cracks nuts, the dones of the fruit of the haws, cher¬ 
ries, Sec. with the greated eafe: hence the name of haw¬ 
finch. They feed' their young with inlefts, chryfalids, &c. 
and, when they are about to be robbed of their family, 
they make a vigorous defence, and bite fiercely. Though 
they are granivorous, they alfo live much upon infefts. 
They mult be confined in a feparate cage when bred up ; 
for, without feeming at all difeompofed, or making the 
lead noife, they kill the weaker birds that are lodged with 
them. They attack, not by (hiking with the point of 
the bill, but by biting out a piece ot thefiedi. When at 
liberty, they live upon all forts of grain, and kernels of 
fruits, and feed alfo on fir and pine cones, and on beech- 
mad, Sec. The tongue is flelhy, fmall, and pointed; the 
gizzard is very mufcular, preceded by a pouch, contain¬ 
ing in fummer bruifed hemp-feeds, green caterpillars al- 
tnolt entire, and very fmall dones. 
4. Loxia pfittacea, the parrot-billed grolbeak. Size 
only of the hedge-lparrow : length feven inches ; the bill 
falliioned much like that of a parrot, the upper mandible 
being elongated and curved at the point, the under one 
fliort ; colour of the bill pale, with a dulky tip; the head 
and part of the neck in the male are yellow ; the red of 
the plumage a greenilh olive brown, paled beneath ; the 
edges of the quills and tail yellowidi'; the lad even at the 
ends; legs pale brown. The plumage in the female is not 
unlike that of the male, except the head, which is the 
fame as the other parts of . the body, with a mixture of 
yellowill) grey about the fides of the head. Native of the 
Sandwich illands. 
5. Loxia enucleator, the pine-grolbeak, or greated bull¬ 
finch: tail black. This is nine inches in length ; the bill 
half an inch long, and dulky ; it is flout at the bafe, and 
the upper mandible hooked at the tip ; the nodrils are 
covered with recumbent brown feathers ; the head, neck, 
bread, and rump, are of a rofe-coloured crimfon ; the 
back and fmaller wing-coverts black, edged with reddilh; 
the greater wing-coverts the fame, tipped with white, 
forming two bars on the wings ; the quills are black ; the 
fecondaries have the outer border white, and the primaries 
grey margins ; the belly and vent are alh-coloured ; tail 
forked, and marked as the quills ; legs brown. Tile fe¬ 
male is moftly of a greenilh brown colour, with here and , 
there a reddilh or yellowidi tinge. She lays four eggs, 
and the young are hatched about the middle of June. 
This fpecies is met with in Scotland, and efpecially the 
Highlands, where it breeds .and inhabits the pine-forefts, 
feeding on the feeds, like the crofsbill. It is alfo lound 
in all the pine-forefts of Siberia, Lapland, and the north¬ 
ern parts of Ruftia ; common about St. Peterlburgh in 
autumn, and is caught in great plenty at that time for 
the ufe of the table, returning north in fpring. They are 
likewife conimon to the northern parts of America ; ap¬ 
pear at Hudfon’s Bay in May, to which place they are faid 
to come from the fouth, and are obferved to feed on the 
buds of willow. The fouthern fettlements are inhabited 
by them throughout the year, but the northern only in 
the fummer feafon. Our lalt voyagers met with this bird 
in Norton Sound ; it was alfo found at Oonaladika. 
6. Loxia lisevia, the freckled grolbeak : head, neck, and 
upper parts, freckled with black and grey fpots ; ivinp-- 
coverts and rump yellow ; quill feathers and tail, black, 
P rom the Cape of Good Hope. 
7. Loxia macroura, the long-tailed grolbeak : black. 
Size of a houfe-fparrow, but meafures more, as the tail 
is long; the whole length is full feven inches. The ge¬ 
neral colour of the plumage is black, with a bar of rufous 
yellow acrofs the back and wing-coverts ; the tail is cu¬ 
neiform, and nearly half the length of the bird ; bill and 
legs dulky. Inhabits Whidah in Africa ; and is loiiie- 
titr.es met with in Senegal. 
8. Loxia aurea, the golden-backed grolbeak: black, 
back golden. Length fix inches; bill, head, and neck, 
deep black ; back a rich golden yellow; wing-coverts 
light brown, fpotted with black ; bread and belly black ; 
legs bluilh. The female is of a dark brown ; and it is re¬ 
markable that the cocks change their colour twice a-year, 
and in the winter exaftly refemble the hens. It inhabits 
Benguela in Africa. 
9. Loxia rubicilla, the Caucafian grolbeak : fcarlet 
fpotted with white. Length eight inches. The upper 
mandible brown, the under whitiih ; eyes brown. The 
upper part of the head and body, the fore part of the 
neck and bread, deep crimfon, marked with triangular 
fpots .pf white; belly and vent pale role-colour, undulated 
with whitiih ; under tail-coverts rofe-coloured brown ; 
thighs hoary; bafe of all the feathers deep alh-colour, 
giving an undulated appearance throughout; prime co¬ 
verts and quills brown, edged with rofe-colour; tail three 
inches and a half long, even, of a gloffy black, the outer 
feathers margined with whitiih, the reft with rofe-colaur; 
legs black. The female differs very little, except in hav¬ 
ing the colours more dull. This fpecies inhabits the 
coldelt parts of the Caucafian mountains, efpecially the 
gravelly hollows; and lives on the fea-buckthorn berries, 
which grow there plentifully, and is the means of propa¬ 
gating 
