728 L O Y 
which they had already taken, they (hould add that of 
obedience ; that a fuperior-general (hould be elefted, to 
whom they muft fubmit as to God himfeif; that they 
(hould readily and cheerfully undertake the millions to 
which he might appoint them, living upon alms, if he 
(hould fo require; that theprofeffed (hould poffefs nothing, 
either in particular or in common ; but that in the uni- 
verfities they might have colleges, with revenues and rents 
for the fubfiftence of (ludents. This plan Loyola laid be¬ 
fore pope Paul III. and applied to him for the confirma¬ 
tion of the new fociety. The obftacles that intervened, 
and how they were removed, have been noticed under the 
article Jesuit, vol. x. p. 785. The papal bull for the 
eftabliftiment of the order, under the name of the Com¬ 
pany or Society of Jefus, was granted in the year 1540, 
limiting the number of the profelfed to (ixty ; but, by a 
fecond bull in 1543, the fociety was empowered to extend 
the number of members without any reftriftion, and to 
enaft particular ftatutes, or to alter the original ones, as 
circumftances might render it expedient. Loyola was 
created general of the order in the year 1541, and efta- 
blifhed his head-quarters at Rome, whence his compa¬ 
nions were fent on miflions into every part of the world. 
Belides cond lifting the government of the fociety, Loy¬ 
ola employed himfeif in feveral occupations, particularly 
the converfion of the Jew's. Some Jews who were baptized 
lie maintained in the houfe of the Jefuits, and by his fo- 
licitations obtained an order from his holinefs, that all 
Jews who became converts to Chriftianity (hould be pro¬ 
vided for in a houfe appointed for that purpofe. At his 
requeft, pope Paul III. enabled that they (hould preferve all 
their poffeffions ; unjuftly decreeing at the fame time, that, 
if any of them who were well defcended (hould turn Chrif- 
tians contrary to their parents’ will, the whole property 
of the family (hould devolve to them. Popes Julius III. 
and Paul IV. afterwards added a new ordinance, namely, 
that all the fynagogues in Italy (hould be taxed every year 
in a certain fum, to be applied to the maintenance of the 
profelytes. Loyola alfo extended his attention and zeal to 
the reformation of common proftitutes, and other lewd 
women. There was at this time in Rome a convent of 
Magdalenifts, into which fuch diifolute women were ad¬ 
mitted as were defirous of leaving their abandoned courfes, 
provided they would oblige themfelves to lead a conven¬ 
tual life during the remainder of their days, and take all 
the vows of the order. This condition Loyola juftly con¬ 
ceived to be too fevere, and calculated to prevent the good 
effefts which had been expelled from the founding of this 
convent. He therefore founded a new community, for 
the admiflion of fuch fingle or married women as were 
willing to renounce criminal pleafures, without bidding 
adieu to thofe of an honeft and virtuous kind. It was 
called “The Community of the Grace of the Blefled Vir¬ 
gin,” and occupied apartments built in St. Martin’s church, 
to w'hich Loyola conducted feveral women himfeif; and, 
when he was fometimes told, that the labour which he 
took for the converfion of thofe proltitutes was all to no 
purpofe, fince they were hardened in iniquity, and would 
return to their bad courfes, he replied, that he (hould 
think his time well employed, if he could prevent them 
but one night from offending God. Calumny, we are 
informed, now levelled all her artillery at him; and 
the Jefuits in general were accufed by their enemies 
of fo many crimes, that the inhabitants of Rome became 
highly prejudiced again!! them, and they could fcarcely 
appear in any place without meeting with perfons who 
infulted and curfed them. In thefe circumftances Loyola 
petitioned the pope to appoint cominiflioners, for the pur¬ 
pofe of examining thefe accufations ; and by the governor 
and fub-governor of Rome they vvere pronounced to be 
malignant calumnies. Like mol! other founders of reli¬ 
gious orders, Loyola had fotne female devotees, who affi- 
duou/ly attended him ; but he did not permit convents 
of ruins to be founded who (hould follow his rule; and, 
when fome females had obtained leave from the pope to 
O L A. 
take the fame vow with the Jefuits, he found fo much in¬ 
convenience arifing from their fpiritual direftion, that 
he applied to his holinefs, who was fo far influenced by 
bis repiefentations, that he exonerated the order from that 
perplexing talk. 
Soon after the acceflion of pope Julius III. in 1550, 
having obtained the confirmation of his order anew by that 
pontiff, Loyola was defirous of refigning his office of ge¬ 
neral ; but the fociety would not confent to fuch a mea- 
fure, and he retained it till his death, which took place in 
1556, when he was in the (ixty-fixth year of his age. Be¬ 
fore that event, he had feen his order fpread over the 
greateft part of the old and new worlds, and in the fliort 
(pace ot fixteen years forming twelve large provinces, con T 
taining at lead an hundred colleges. Loyola was in per- 
fon of a middle ftature, and of an olive complexion, with 
a bald head, eyes full of fire, a large forehead, and an 
aquiline nofe. He was a little lame in confequence of 
the wound which he received at Pampeluna, though that 
defeft was fcarcely perceivable as he walked. Of fanati- 
cifm he had an abundant portion in his compofition ; and 
feems to have perfuaded himfeif into a firm belief, that, as 
he gave out, and his followers afterwards taught, the plait 
which he formed of the conftitution and laws of his fociety 
was fuggefted to him by the immediate infpiration of 
Heaven. But on him cannot be charged the worldlinefs 
and intrigues of the Jefuits. He declared, that, if he had 
four companions detached from all worldly interefts, he 
would not defpair of being able to convert the whole world. 
(Gent. Mag. i. 152.) In 1609, pope Paul V. beatified him ; 
and, in 1612, he was canonized by Gregory XV. Inno¬ 
cent X. gave orders that he (hould have an ecclefiaflical 
office laid in his honour throughout the world, under the 
femi-double rite, in 1644; and Clement IX. raifed it to 
the double rite in 1667. 
But, whatever might be the honours which were paid to 
Loyola, the mol! lurprifing to which his hiftory engages 
our attention, is the prodigious influence and power which 
his order acquired in a few years, both in the old world 
and in America, notwithlianding the oppofition which it 
met with from his adverfaries. In the year 1608, fixty- 
eight years after their firft inftitution, the number of Je¬ 
fuits had irtcrealed to 10,581. In the year 1710, the or¬ 
der poffeffed twenty-four proftjfed houfes; fifty-nine houfes 
of probation; three hundred and forty refidencies ; fix 
hundred and twelve colleges ; two hundred miflions; one 
hundred and fifty feminaiies and boarding-fchools; and 
confifled.of 19,998 perlons. Of this formidable body, the 
conllitution, genius, progrefs, and effefts, are highly inter- 
efting objeds; and under the article Jesuit, before quoted, 
we thought we had purified the hiftory of this formidable 
fociety to its final clofe. No fooner, however, is Pius VII. 
reftored to power, than he iflfies a bull, by which the or¬ 
der is formally re-eflablilhed. The following is an ac¬ 
count of this curious tranfaftion. On the 7th of Auguff 
lad, (1814.) the pope celebrated high mafs at the altar of 
St. Ignatius, in the church of Jefus at Rome ; and after¬ 
wards, aftending a throne, ordered a bull to be read, re- 
eftabiifhing the Order of Jefuits. The motives which his 
holinefs aiiigns for this aft are as lingular, as the aft itfelf 
is important. He had been called upon ionic thirteen 
years ago by the emperor Paul of Rulfia, and king Ferdi¬ 
nand of Naples, (the firft profeffing the Greek faith, and 
unqueltionaUy out of his mind ; the latter acknowledged 
to be of imbecile underdanding), to allow of the eftablifli- 
ment of the Jefuits in their dominions; and, having 
kindly condefcended to grant their requell, he now dit- 
fufes that which their enlightened minds efteemed lo great 
a 'ole fling, over the re it of Europe. The bull lays, 
“Thecatholic world demands, with one unanimous voice, 
the re-eftabliffiment of the Company of Jefus; and we 
daily receive preffing petitions from the archbiflioDS and 
biffiops to that effeft.” The bull re-eftablifhes the'order 
of Jefuits by name in the empire of Ruflia, in the king¬ 
dom of the Two Sicilies, the Ecclefiaftical States, and all 
other 
