758 L U D 
moting the Caufe of Religion in the Churches of the Le¬ 
vant. 6. Reflections on the prefent State of the Chriftian 
Church. 7. A Homily of Macarius, done out of Greek. 
Some of thefe pieces were printed feparately ; and they 
were all publilhed in a collective form in the year 1712*. 
Cf n. Biog. 
LUDOL'PHIA, /. in botany, the name of a genus in- 
Jlituted by Adanfon, for a fpecies of Tetragonia, which 
fee. 
LUD'SCIIEN, a town of Pruffia, in Oberland : feven 
miles eaft-fouth-ealt of Marienwerder. 
LUD'SHAM, a village in Sulfex, near Marlbfield and 
Cuckfield. 
LUD'SHELF, the name of a decayed, or rather exlin- 
guilhed town, near Whitchurch in Hamplhire. In the 
time of the Heptarchy, the city of Ludlhelf, or Lychfeldt, 
flood on the cow-down, about a mile north of the town of 
Whitchurch. It was founded by the Romans ; but was 
facked and deltroyed in the wars between fome of the 
petty Saxon monarchs. Scarcely any veftiges of it re¬ 
main, but a Roman way through Cold Henley, and acrofs 
the down and fields, to Egbury, north welt of Whitchurch. 
LUD'STON, a village in Shroplhire, five miles from 
Bridgenorth. 
LUD'SWIGSBURG, a town of Wirtemberg. Towards 
the beginning of the 18 th century, in this place were 
aio more than two farms. In 1704, duke Eberhard Louis 
built him a hunting-feat here, and called it Ludjwigjlurg. 
To this he afterwards added a (lately building, which was 
completed in the year 1733. In it are two chapels ; one 
for Roman Catholics; the other, built in 1748, for Lu¬ 
therans. The piCture-gallery here is very fine. In the 
p lea fan t garden too, which itands oppofite to the old caf- 
tle, is a building called Favorita. Near the caftle houfes 
have been gradually built, fo as at length to form a hand- 
ibme town, which lies higher than the caille, and is the 
feat of a fpecial fuperintendancy. In the manufactures 
.here is made a good cloth, as alfo damalk linen and mar¬ 
ble paper. In the years 1727 and 1730, the principal du¬ 
cal colleges were removed hither from Stuttgart; but in 
1733, on the deceafe of duke Eberhard Louis, they were 
remanded back again to that place. It is fixteen miles 
fiouth of Heilbron, and five north-north-eaft of Stuttgart. 
Lat. 48. 54. N. Ion. 9. 18. E. 
LU'DUS, f. [Latin.] A play, a frolic; a fchool, a 
place of exercife. 
LUD'WELL, a village in Hertford (hire, north of Hit- 
chin. —A village in Wiltfhire, near Wardour Caftle. 
LUD'WICK. HALL, a village in Hertfordlhire, north- 
call of Hatfield. 
LUD'W/ 1 G (Cbriftian-Theophilus), an eminent botanift, 
was born in Silsfia in 1709, and educated for the medical 
profefiion. Having a ft rang bias towards natural hiftor-y, 
he was appointed to accompany Hebenftreit in his expedition 
to the north of Africa. (See Hebenstreit, vol. ix.) Soon 
after his return in 1733, he became profelfor of medicine 
at Leipfic. The firlt thefts defended there under his profi¬ 
ciency, in 1736, related to the manner in which marine 
plants are no unlived : thefe he fnowed to differ eflenti- 
ally from the generality of the vegetable kingdom, as not 
deriving their nourilhment by the root. In 1737 lie pub- 
lillied a Programma in fupport of the doCtrine of the fexes 
of plants, from his own obfervations upon the date-palm. 
Two years afterwards he, neverthelefs, advanced feme 
objections to the Linncean fyftem of arrangement by the 
organs of impregnation, under the title of Obfervationcs in 
Mdhodum Plantarum Scxualem Cel. Limed. This work be¬ 
gins with much jult commendation of Linnteus, and even 
with great admiration of his fyftem ; accompanied how¬ 
ever, by an attempt at depriving him of the merit of ori¬ 
ginality, by inlinuating that this fyftem had been “indi¬ 
cated by others;” without faying by whom. 
'Ludwig publilhed in 1737 his Dejinitiones Plantarum, in 
8vo. fortheufe of his pupils. In thi$ the genera of plants 
are arranged in a method feppofed to be natural, founded 
L U D 
on the corolla in the firft place, the fubordinate characters 
being taken from the fruit. The generic distinctions are 
derived from the herbage, flower, fmell, tafte, colour, or 
any thing that came in the author’s way 5 certainly with 
no advantage whatever over the laws and practice of Lin¬ 
naeus, but rather evincing, at every Itep, the fuperiority 
of the latter to the vague Rheme of his opponent. Ira 
another littl^volume of Ludwig, the Aphorifmi Eotanici, 
publilhed in x'738, the alfertion of his being “ a Linnaean 
in difguife” is Strongly jultified. In vain does the writer 
try to forget^the Philofephia Botanica, and to leek origi¬ 
nality, at kpy rate, by wandering from its light. In vain 
does-he extol the fyltem of Rivinus in preference to all 
others. He is brought back by his own judgment, in 
fpite of himfelf, at every ftep ; and, as he could never give 
the lea It degree of popularity to the fyltem he extolled, 
the flightelt Itucly of his works will fliow it to have been 
a mill-ltone about his own neck. Boehmer gave a new 
and improved edition of the Definitiones Plaata um in 
1760. In 1742, and again in 1757, our author pu dilhed 
his Injhtutiones Hijlorico-Phyjicee Regni Vegctabihs , in 8vo. 
Still in purfuit of novelty rather than of truth, lie rejects 
the Linnsean diltinCiions between animals and vegetables, 
founding the charaCSeriftic mark of the latter,on the fup- 
pofed propulfion of their fluids through a cellular texture, 
and not through a vafeuiar fyltein as in animals. This 
distinction is now known to have no foundation. In this 
work at length even the difguife of. a Linnsean is almolt 
laid afide, a fyltem of arrangement being propofed in 
which the ltamens and ftyles make an eflential, if not a 
leading, feature. The favourite old fyftem of Rivinus 
frill takes precedence, though it ferves only as an addi¬ 
tional impediment in the way of natural affinities; which 
clcfeCt is in fome meafure concealed by the primary cha¬ 
racters not being Strictly followed. It is remarkable that 
our author, in thus profclfedly adopting tiie principles of 
Rivinus and Linnaeus combined, and difelaiming as he 
does all pretenfions to originality, never mentions thole 
perfons from whom he had long ago afieried that Linnaeus 
borrowed his fyltem. This volume may therefore be con- 
fidered as a tacit tribute of refpeCt to the illuftrious Swede, 
arifing from its author’s progrefs in judgment and expe¬ 
rience. He had no motive to withhold this tribute, as 
Linnaeus never refented nor repelled his attacks, and even 
named a genus of plants in his honour. See the following 
article. 
Our author began, in 1760, to publilh impreffions, chiefly 
of medicinal plants, taken from the dried Specimens with 
printer’s ink, or with fmoaked paper, in folio, under the 
title of EElypa. Vegetabilium, which he continued from time 
to time. Such impreffions give undoubtedly a ccrreCt out¬ 
line, at leaft if the plant be fully di(played ; but the reft 
is a mafs of confufion ; efpecially as the more elevated 
parts, which Should be light, are neceflarily the darktft. 
He wrote alfo occafionally on medico-botanical Subjects, 
as on the efteCts of extraft of Stramonium, and of the Bel. 
ladonna, or deadly nightftiade, in the epilepfy. Iiis opi¬ 
nion feeins not to have been favourable to either. Lud¬ 
wig died at Leipfic in 1773, aged fixty.-foUr.—He left a 
fen named Chriliian Frederic, born in 1751, who became 
profelfor of natural hiltory in the fame univerfity, and is 
the author of various traCts on botany, anatomy, and 
phyfiology.— Ludwig's Works. Hall. Bibl. Bot. Dryander. 
Bibl. Banks. S. in New Cyclopedia. 
LUDWIG'IA, /. [to named by Linnaeus, in honour of 
the lubjeCt of the preceding article.] In botany, a genus 
of the clafs tetrandria, order monogyuia, natural order of 
calycanthemae, (onagrae, JuJj.) The generic characters 
are—Calyx : perianthium cne-leafed, tour-parted, fupe- 
rior, permanent ; fegments lanceolate, ipreading very 
much, length of the corolla. Corolla: petals four, ob- 
cordate, flat, Ipreading very much, equal. Stamina : fila¬ 
ments four, awl-fliaped, upright, Hioft ; antheras Simple, 
oblong, upright. Pittillum : genn four-cornered, co- 
vered with the bafe of the calyx, inferior ; Ityle cylindri¬ 
cal. 
