tux 
tftefe advantages are not attended with any disadvantages 
that bear any proportion to them. The more men refine 
upon pleafure, the Jefs will they indulge in exceffes of any 
kind ; becaufe nothing is ntore deftruftive to true plea¬ 
fure than fuch exceffes. Befides, induftry, knowledge, 
and humanity, difFufe their beneficial influence beyond 
the Sphere of private life, on the public, and render the go¬ 
vernment as great and flourifhing as they make indivi¬ 
duals prosperous and happy. Our author concludes his 
Effay on Refinement in the Arts, with the following ob- 
fervations: “Luxury, when exceflive, is the Source of 
many ills; but is in general preferable to floth and idlenefs, 
which would commonly fucceed in its place, and are more 
hurtful both to private perfons and to the public. When 
floth reigns, a mean uncultivated way of life pre vails amongft 
individuals, without fociety, without enjoyment. And 
if the Sovereign, in fuch a fituation, demands the fervice 
pf his fubjefts, the labour of the ftate Suffices only to fur- 
nifti the neceflaries of life to the labourers, and can afford 
nothing to thofe who are employed in the public fervice." 
Archdeacon Paley takes cccafion, from a consideration of 
the mode of living which aftually obtains in any country, 
to illustrate the true evil and proper danger of luxury. 
Luxury, as it Supplies employment and promotes induftry, 
aflifts population. But it is attended with aconfequence 
which counteracts, and often overbalances, thefe advan¬ 
tages. When, by introducing more Superfluities into ge¬ 
neral reception, luxury has rendered the ufual accom¬ 
modations of life more expenfive, artificial, and elabo¬ 
rate; the difficulty of maintaining a family, conform¬ 
ably with the ejlablijhed mode of living, becomes greater, 
and what each man has to Spare from his perfonal con¬ 
sumption proportionably lefs ; the eftedt of which is, that 
marriages become lefs frequent, agreeably to the maxim, 
which lies at the foundation of this reafoning, that men 
will not marry to fink their place or condition in fo¬ 
ciety, or to forego thofe indulgences, which their own 
habits, or what they obferve amongft their equals, have 
rendered neceffarv to their Satisfaction. This principle 
is applicable to every article of diet and drefs, to houfes, 
furniture, and attendance; and this effefl will be felt in 
every clafs of the community. For inftance, the cuftom 
of wearing broad cloth and fine linen repays the fliep- 
herd and flax-grower, feeds the manufacturer, enriches 
the merchant, gives not only Support but exiftence to 
multitudes of families : hitherto, therefore, the effeCts are 
beneficial; and, were thefe the only effeCts, fuch elegan¬ 
cies, or if they be fo called, fuch luxuries, could not be 
too general. But here follows the mifchief; when once 
fafhion hath annexed the ufe of thefe articles of drefs to 
any certain clafs, to the middling rank, for example, 
of the community, each individual of that rank finds them 
to be necejaries of life ; that is, finds himfelf obliged to 
comply with the example of his equals, and to maintain 
that appearance which the cuftom of fociety requires. 
This obligation creates fuch a demand upon his income, 
and withal adds fo much to the coft and burthen of a fa¬ 
mily, as to put it out of his power to marry, with the 
profpeCl of continuing his habits or of maintaining his 
place and fituation in the world. We fee, in this descrip¬ 
tion, the caufe which induces men to wafte their lives in 
a barren celibacy; and this caufe, which impairs the very 
Source of population, is juftly placed to the account of 
luxury. It appears, upon the whole, to be the tendency 
of luxury to diminifh marriages, and that in this ten¬ 
dency the evil of it refides. Hence it may be inferred, 
that, of different kinds of luxury, thofe are the molt in¬ 
nocent which afford employment to the greateft number of 
artifts and manufacturers ; as thofe, in other words, in 
which the price of the work bears the greateft proportion 
to that of the raw material. Thus, luxury in drefs, in 
furniture, is univerfally preferable to luxury in eating, 
becaufe the articles which conftitute the one are more 
the production of human art and induftry than thofe 
which Supply the other. Princ, of Mar. and Pol, Phil. vol. it, 
Vol. XIII. No. 946. 
L U Y 80S 
Few writers have properly diftinguilhed between private 
luxury and public; i.e. between the luxury of individuals 
and the luxury of the ftate. We lhall conclude with a Ihort 
extract upon this Subject from a French writer. “ The 
luxury of individuals (fays Monf. Peltier) often renders 
effeminate thofe who enjoy, and humiliates thofe who mifs, 
its delights; but public luxury, necefiarily itamped with 
decency and majelty, elevates the minds of the citizens 
for whom it is provided, and produces an exquifite and 
delicate imprefiion which humanizes the manners of the 
multitude. It connects, by the bands of the common 
enjoyments, the citizen who is not rich with the citizen who 
is rich. It thus enfeebles that tendency to envy which is 
not lefs painful to its fubjeftthan dangerous to its objeCt. 
When I fee a public garden embelliftred, I think it is my 
own that has been improved ; and why not ? were it exclu- 
fively my own, could I enjoy it more than by inviting my 
neighbours to walk there with me i Cannot every one fry 
and feel as much Paris pendant 1796. . 
In our country there were formerly various laws to re- 
ftrain excefs in apparel; all repealed by flat. 1 Jac. I. c. 
25. But, as to excels in diet, there ftill remains one ancient 
lfatute unrepealed, viz. 10 Ed. III. ftat. 3. which ordains, 
that no man lhatl be ferved, at dinner or fupper, with more 
than two courfes; except upon fome great holidays there 
fpecified, in which he may be ferved with three. 4 Com. 
170, 1. 
LUY'A, a town of Peru, and capital of a jurifdiftion, 
north of Chachapoyas, bordering on Popayan : 360 miles 
north of Lima. Lat. 6. S. Ion. 77. 45. W. 
LUY'KEN (John), a Dutch engraver, was born at 
Amfterdam fome time about the middle of the leven- 
teenth century, and died in that city in the year 1712. 
He ftudied the arts under Martin Zaagmoelen. Balkan fays 
of his prints, “ We remark in them a fertility of genius, 
joined with great fpirit, judgment, and facility of execu¬ 
tion : he is the Callot, the Della Bella, and the Le Clerc, 
of Holland.” But this is faying a great deal too much. 
He neither drew fo correftly, nor etched in fo clear and 
determined a ftyle, as either of thofe diftinguilhed en¬ 
gravers. It is true there are few of his prints, into which 
he has not introduced a great number of figures; but the 
groups are feldom artfully managed; the lights, for want 
of harmony, and being too much fcattered, confufe the 
fubjeiff, and fatigue the eye. This is fpeaking of them, 
however, only comparatively ; conlidering them by them- 
felves, they poffefs great merit. He chiefly engraved after 
his own defigns, and the moft conliderable of his works 
is the large Bible, (which was publilhed by Montier iri 
two folio volumes,) and the following: A let of the Tea 
Commandments, in 8vo. a let of feventeen, of the Hiltory 
of Lapland and Finland, in 4to. a fet of feventeen views, 
&c. which accompany the Eaftern Travels of M. Theve- 
not, in 4to. The Hilcory of William III. king of Eng¬ 
land, in 8vo. The Republic of the Hebrews, in twenty- 
eight plates, in 8vo. and 4to. The Theatre of Martyrsj 
from the time of Jefus Chrift to modern times, in a fet 
of 105 plates, in 4to. Jonas preaching to the Ninevites, 
in large folio. The Aflalfination of Henry IV. of France, 
in folio. The Flight of the Reformers at the Revocation 
of the Editt of Nantes, large folio. The Maffacre of St. 
Bartholomew, or the Death of Admiral Coligny, a very 
capital print, engraved on two large folio plates. 
LUY'KEN (Gafpar), was the Ion of John, mentioned 
in the preceding article, and was born at Amfterdam in 
the year 1660. He learned engraving from his father> 
and defigned and engraved a confiderable number of 
plates; but his works are neither fo numerous nor fo me¬ 
ritorious as thofe of his father, whofe ftyle he imitated. 
Among them the following will probably be found moft 
worthy of feleftion : St. Francis Xavier preaching beforo 
the Emperor of Japan ; the Jeluit Miflionaries obtaining 
Audience of the Emperor of China; the Emperor Jo- 
feph I. receiving the Holy Sgcrament; the Miracle of tne 
Five Loaves; all of large folio lize. The Twelve Months; 
9 Q cf 
