o 
HINDO 
tween the kingdoms of Taxilus and Porus. This river 
Alexander palfed, according to major Rennell,at the place 
where the fortrefs of Rotas now Rands ; and, after defeat¬ 
ing Porus, crofl'ed the fecond branch of the Indus, called 
by the ancients Acefmes ; but by the prelent inhabitants 
fienaub. There is no town in the map of modern India 
correfponding with the fituation of Nicasa, which Alex¬ 
ander built on that % fpot. Impatient to reach the Ganges, 
he then rallied on to the third river, the Hyarotes of 
Strabo, and Jarawuttee in the Ayeen-Akbery, but called 
Rhaudis by Ptolemy, and Rauvee by the prelent inhabi¬ 
tants. Major Rennell thinks that Alexander palled this 
river where Lahore now Hands.' The city Sangala, where 
he was oppofed by the united forces of the Cathsei, Malii, 
and Oxydracse, the moll warlike nations of, India, is fup- 
pofed to have been fomewhere in the province of Guzerat. 
From Sangala, Alexander, ore fling toward the Ganges, 
palled the fifth branch of the Indus, called by Arrian and 
Q. Curtius, Hyphafis ; by Ptolemy, Zaradrus ; now, Suttuluz. 
He had yet to pals a defert of twelve days’ journey, be¬ 
fore he could reach the Ganges: but his army would go 
no farther. Had he purfued his march, he would have 
arrived at another river, called by Pliny the Jomames, 
and in modern ianguage the Jumna, on which the city of 
Delhi Hands ; which, at the time of this invafion, was a 
place of little importance; newly founded, according to 
Ferilhta, by Delhu, the ufurper of the throne of Hindoo- 
Han, and the uncle of Porus. The imperial refidence had 
been, for many centuries, Canouge, or Kinoje : which 
major Rennell has laboured to prove to be the lame with 
the ancient Palibothra: but “ later inquiries, (fays Mr. 
Maurice,) evince that Palibothra Hood on or very near 
the fite of the prefent Patna; and was known to the na¬ 
tives by the name of Pataliputra.” 
Returning to the courfe of the Indus; as we defcend 
fouthward, along the eaflern fliore, the map of ancient 
geography leads us through the country of the Brach- 
mans, the Sabracae, the Sogdii, the Muficani, the PrseHi, 
the rich empire of Sabus, and the illand of Pattaia, now 
Tatta. Major Rennell thinks that the prefent Bhakhor 
anfwers to the polition of the Muficani; and Hajacan, a 
circar of Sindy, to that of the Praefli. Southward of the 
mouths of the Indus, we find the gulph of Canthus, or 
Cutch, and the great maritime city Barygaza, which may 
be the modern Bargaut, on the banks of Nerbuddah, the 
Nomad us of Ptolemy. 
To this emporium, all the riches of the peninfula were 
anciently brought, through the Balagaut mountains, from 
the cities of Tagara and Piuthana; now the Deoghir and 
Pultanah. On the Sinus Barygazenus Hood Supara, pro¬ 
bably Chitpore ; arid, farther fouthward, Simylla, corre¬ 
fponding in fituation to Swallee on the river Tapti, the 
ancient Binda. To the fouth of Simylla, among many 
cbfcure cities, we may notice Tyndis, which major Ren¬ 
nell luppofes to have Hood on the fite of Goa; Calecaris, 
the modern Calicut ; Balepatna, probably Balipatan; Mu- 
ziris, the modern Merjee; Nitrias, the prefent Newtya^ 
and Barace, Barcelore. Below the river Baris were fxtn- 
ated Eiancon, and Cottiora; at the extreme fouthern 
point, Comar, which anfwers to Cape Comorin; and to 
the fouth-eafl of that cape, the great illand Tiprobana, of 
Ceylon. 
Having palfed the Comarian promontory, callecf by the 
Indians Gebal-Kamarum, the map of Ptolemy prefents to 
our view the Sinus Colchicus, feparated from the Sinus 
Aigaricus by the promontory of Colis, or Cory; near to 
which lies the Injular Cory , now called Ramankoil, or the 
temple of Rama. The ridge of rocks, extending from this 
illand to Manar on the illand of Ceylon, called Adam’s 
bridge, fir William Jones contends, Ihould be entitled 
Rama’s bridge ; and the prelent name of this promontory 
and ifiand Hrengthens his remark. Madura Regia Pan- 
dionis, mul’c doubtlefs mean the Madura of modern maps; 
Nigamma anfwers to Negapatan; Chaben OHia and Cha- 
bcfi Emporium, point out the river Caveiy and the city 
O 8 T A N. 
of Caveripatan; Maliarpha feems to be Meliapour; Pu~ 
duce, Pullicat; and Sobura, Soopour. 
Entering the great Sinus Gangeticus, or gulph of Ben¬ 
gal, we find Cottobara, perhaps Cottapatan ; Sippora, plain¬ 
ly Narfipour; Mefolia, the diltrift of Mafulipatan ; Coco¬ 
la, undoubtedly Cicacole. Colamba, in fituation, anlwers 
to Balafore. Near the mouths of the Ganges were feated 
the Calingae. A city denominated Calingapatam is marked 
in major Rennell’s map : and it is not impoflible that the 
once impregnable fortrefs of Callinger, in the foubah of 
Allahabad, might have owed to them its name and ex- 
iftence. 
The Ganga Regia of Ptolemy, has been fuppofed to be 
Gour, or Lucknowi; and higher up, on the main Hream 
of the river, the two mod potent nations of India, the 
Gangarides and the Prafii, had their refidence. Athena- 
garum, from its fituation, major Rennell fuppofes to be 
Oude ; the Uxentius mons, the hills of Bundelcund and 
Bahar; Maliba, Matura; Panafla, Panna (the famous dia¬ 
mond-mine) ; and Palibothra, or Patna. 
Withrefpeft to the nations which inhabited the inland 
regions of the peninfula, nothing decifive can be afcer- 
tained concerning them from either Greek or Latin wri¬ 
ters. Their ignorance of the Indian language, and their 
fondnefs for giving a Grecian form to foreign names, have 
contributed greatly to the confufion of the hillory and 
the geography of that country ; and fir William Jones has 
remarked that, befides Por, or Porus, there is hardly an 
Afiatic word which they have not corrupted. In all the 
oriental dialects, it is a faft well known, that the D and 
R have been frequently confounded, efpecially in proper 
names. 
We next approach to Palibothra, the fuppofed capital 
of ancient India; and, till lately, thought to be tire fame 
with the prefent Canouge. Palibothra, according to all 
the ancient geographers, was the greateH, the molt popu¬ 
lous, and the richefi, city of India. It was eighty fiadia 
in length, and fifteen in breadth: was furrounded with a 
fofle forty-five feet deep, and had fixty-five gates, and five 
hundred and feventy towers. But according to the ori¬ 
ental liiHorians, Oude, or Oudh, was the firH imperial city 
of HindooHan, and continued fo (fays the Mahabbarit,.) 
during the l’pace of fifteen hundred years; when one of 
the princes of the dynafiy of Surajas erefted, on the banks 
of the Ganges, the city of Canouge, about one thoufand 
years before the ChriHian era. The walls of this city are 
laid to have been one hundred miles in circumference; 
and its third empei-or, Sinkal r could bring into the field 
four thoufand elephants, one hundred thoufand horfe, and 
four hundred thoufand foot. About the beginning of the 
fixteenth century, we are told, Canouge was become lo 
populous, “ that there were in it thirty thoufand fhops in 
which beetle-nut, ufed by the Indians as we ule tobacco, 
was publicly fold ; and fixty thoufand bands of mulicians, 
who paid a tax to government.”—It is now a heap of 
rains of very great extent. 
Delhi, another ancient city, was formerly -called Xnder- 
put. It rofe to renown as the glory of Canouge declined; 
and it continued the unrivalled metropolis of HindooHan 
till the year 1399. Next to th * s was Lahore, the capital 
of a large province to the north-well of Delhi, called by 
the natives Panjab, or. difirift of the five rivers, from panj, 
five, and ab, water, or Hream. It Hands on the banks of 
the Rauvee, the ancient Hydraotes, and is of great anti¬ 
quity. It funk to infignificance by the rife of Agra, which 
owed its aggrandifement to the emperor Akbar. “ For 
the completion of his magnificent palace in Agra, he col- 
lefted together the moft ikilful architefls, and the moR 
celebrated artifans in every branch, both of external or¬ 
nament and domeRic decoration; and fome judgment may 
be formed of the prodigious labour and expence required 
to perfect the whole undertaking, when the reader is in¬ 
formed that the palace alone took up twelve years in fi- 
nifliirig; kept conllantly employed, during that period, 
above one thoufand labourers, and coH nearly three mil- 
2, lions 
