\ 
HINDO 
afliftance was afforded to Bahadur by the Portuguefe in 
his war with the emperor Humaioon, as recited in the pre¬ 
ceding hiftory of the Mogul emperors ; but he was after¬ 
wards betrayed into the hands of his enemies, and, endea¬ 
vouring to efcape, perilhed in the fea near the fort of Diu. 
Balfain, in the diftrift of Baglana, was feized and made a 
Portuguefe factory by d’Acugna in 1555, and by that 
viceroy formed into a place of great ftrength, Daman 
too, and Chaul, under the fame aufpices, rofe to confi- 
derable eminence ; and the former could boaft a citadel 
abfolutely impregnable, as was experienced by Aurung- 
zebe himfelf. In Bombay, they enjoyed the excellent 
harbour, which, fince the year 1661, became fubjeft to 
England; and in Onore, they enjoyed the,monopoly of 
the finelt pepper produced in India. 
Having in this predatory manner become mailers of the 
whole coaft from the Indus to Ceylon, they failed round 
the extremity of that illand, and began to form fettlements 
on the eaftern fide of the peninlula, or coalt of Coroman¬ 
del. See the Map. At Negapatam, then an indifferent 
town, but which they foon improved into a city of great 
magnificence, they fixed their firfl ftation. Their fecond 
was at Meliapour, where their great apoltle or miffionary, 
St. Thomas, was buried ; and whole fepulchre its inhabi¬ 
tants affedt to Ihow at this day on the fummit of a neigh¬ 
bouring mountain. This city was made the Portuguefe 
capital in Coromandel; and had no rival, except their 
metropolis in Malabar. Of this place indeed, Icarcely any 
veftiges remain ; our capital of Fort Saint George, or Ma¬ 
dras, from which it is diftant only ten miles, having been 
chiefly built out of its ruins. Malulipatam, iituated near 
the mouth,of the Kiftna, was the third and la.lt of their 
fettlements on this coalt. 
Thus the year 1560 might be confidered as the meri¬ 
dian of the glory of the Portuguefe empire in Hindooltan. 
Their commerce had become the molt confiderable of any 
nation in the world ; and they now propofed to extend it 
to China and Japan. A Iquadron of eight fhips was fit¬ 
ted out, laden with articles of the molt coftly European 
merchandife, and the command given to Ferdinand An- 
drada, who arrived fafely at Canton, and both himfelf and 
Perez, the Portuguefe envoy, were received with kindnefs 
and diltinftion. Difputes, however, unhappily ariling, as 
is laid, from the infolence of the Portuguefe, the ambaf- 
fador was thrown into chains, while Andrada was obliged 
to fail back for fafety to Malacca. Thus matters remained 
for feveral years ; when a daring pirate, with a formidable 
fleet, having laid liege to Canton, and feized upon the 
ifland of Macao, and a Portuguefe Iquadron arriving be¬ 
fore Canton juft at the fame time, they fell upon the pi¬ 
rates, killed their leader, retook Macao, and drove the pira-- 
tical adventurers entirely out of thofe feas. By this means 
they fo effectually conciliated the regard of theChinefe mo¬ 
narch, that he beftowed Macao upon them, with permilfion 
to form a fettlement there, and trade with his fubjedts upon 
the molt favoured terms. Macao was immediately forti¬ 
fied by them, and became one of the molt celebrated marts 
of Afia ; as they were thereby enabled to eftablifh a lucra¬ 
tive commerce with the rich illands that form the exten- 
five empire of Japan, firft difcovered by fome navigators 
of that nation about the year 154.0 ; but from which they 
were afterwards expelled, for interfering with the forms 
of its government, and alfuming a pre-eminence over the 
Itate, which was by no means their due. 
Such, however, had been the induftry and ingenuity of 
this people, that they had completely turned the commerce 
of the whole eaftern world into a new channel. “ Previ¬ 
ous to this commerce,” lays Faria, the Portuguefe hilto- 
rian, “ fpices were conveyed to Europe with vaft trouble 
and coft. The clove of Molucca, the nutmeg and mace of 
Banda, the fandal of Timour, the camphor of Borpeo, 
the gold and filver of Luconia, and all other fpecies of 
wealth, drugs, fpices, perfumes, and curiofities of China, 
Java, Siam, and other eaftern kingdoms, were carried to 
the market of the city of Malacca, feated in the Golden 
Vol.X. No. 64a. 
OSTAN. SI 
Cherfonefe; whence the inhabitants of all the weftera 
countries, as far as the Red Sea, brought them ; carrying cn 
this traffic by way of barter, money being of lefs value 
than the commodities imported. It was this trade that en¬ 
riched the cities of Calicut, Cambaya, Ormus, and Aden ; 
the merchants adding to the articles brought from Ma¬ 
lacca, the rubies of Pegu, the fluffs of Bengal, the pearls 
of Kilkare, the diamonds of Narfmga, the cinnamon and 
richer rubies of Ceylon, and the pepper,'ginger, and other 
fpices, produced on the coaft of Malabar. From Ormus 
they were conveyed to Europe up the Perfian Gulf, by 
the way of Baffora, at the mouth of the Euphrates, and 
thence diftributed in caravans through Armenia, Trebi- 
fond. Tartary, Aleppo, and Damafcus; and then at the 
port of Baruth upon the Mediterranean, the Venetians, 
Genoefe, and Catalonians, loaded their veffels with them 
to their refpedtive countries. Thofe that came up the 
Red Sea were landed at Toro and Suez, towns at the bot¬ 
tom of that gulf, thence they were tranfported in cara¬ 
vans to Grand Cairo, and down the Nile to Alexandria, 
whence they were Ihipped oft' to Europe.” 
While the illuftrious Emanuel lived, no efforts were 
wanting to fuftain in its full vigour that mighty empire 
in India, which his policy had planned, and which his 
wifdom and power were happily united to confolidate. 
He enjoyed the uncommon felicity of living long enough 
to fee whatever he had fo boldly projected arrive at its 
full maturity. On his death, which occurred in 1521, no 
relaxation of vigour or difcipline took place; his i'uccef- 
for, John III. anxious to follow up the maxims of his wife 
progenitor, regularly dil'patched to India, at the proper 
feafon, fleets nut only adequate to all the purpofes of felf- 
defence, but all'o of the molt enlarged commerce, on the 
coafts and illands of Afia. But during the reign of Se- 
baftian, the Portuguele empire in India fell under the fu- 
perftitious tyranny of monks and bigots ; in every city the 
Jefuits eredted the bloody banner of the fpiritual inquifi- 
tion, whereby the moft unheard-of cruelties were exer- 
ciled upon the perfecuted but unoffending natives ; until 
their name became the abhorrence and execration of the 
Indians. The fame caufes operated, with nearly the fame 
effedts, in Europe, and contributed materially to the fub- 
jedtion of Portugal to the Spanilh yoke, which took place 
in 1580. During this difaftrous period of nearly fixty 
years, their power and influence in India kept gradually 
declining; Ormus was feized upon by the Perfians ; and 
they loft their valuable fettlements in Ceylon ; which, to¬ 
gether with the great capital of Malacca, and moft of the 
Molucca illands, were wrefted from them by the Dutch. 
See the articles Holland, and Portugal. Inftead of 
eighteen or twenty fhips that were accuftomed annually 
to be fent to India, for the purpofesj of fuftaining their 
military and commercial eftablifhments, only five or fix 
were now difpatched thither ; and the illands of Diu and 
Goa were almoft the only part of their Indian fettlements 
left undifturbed. On the reduced produce of their trade, 
the moft burthenfome taxes began to enfue ; and, while a 
pampered nobility and priefthood fattened on the remains 
of Afiatic luxury, the inferior claffes itruggled under the 
p re flu re of taxation, poverty', and mifery. The fpirit of 
the country was broken. Neither fhips nor men were to 
be procured in numbers proportionate to refift the en¬ 
croachments of their Dutch rivals ; who were actively in¬ 
vading the coafts and illands of Alia, and every where 
erecting their ftandards over the humbled flag of Portu¬ 
gal. Thus baffled and degraded in India, her troops, in 
whom the fpirit of mercantile adventure was not wholly 
extinguifhed, now directed their views towards the Ihores 
of South America; and in the rich territory of Brafil 
they found no mean compenfation for the Ioffes they fuf- 
tained in Hindooltan. Here they built a noble city', 
planted an extenfive colony, and formed, in a few years, 
one of the richeft fettlements in the world; and which 
has, during the perfecuting reign of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
afforded a fafe and peaceful afylum to the aged queen 
Y Ifa’oelia, 
