£30 H O L 
Germany, and for twenty-fix years occupied the chair of 
profeifor in that faculty, in the mod celebrated univer- 
fities of the empire. He died at Heidelberg, in 1783,, 
Y/hen fixty-four years of age. He was the author of 
/various works ; among which was one, entitled Statijfica 
JLcclefue Germanica, 1779, 8vo. abounding in learned re- 
'yearch relative to the ancient and modern difcipline, ufages, 
and laws, of the church, accompanied with uleful and 
interefting remarks. 
HOL'LA, interj. \Jwlat, Fr.] A word ufed in calling to 
any one at a diftance : 
Lift, lift ! I hear 
Some far off holla break the filent air- Mi/ten. 
To HOL'LA, v. n. [from the interje&ion. This word 
is now vicioufly written hollo-, fometimes halloo .] To cry 
out loudly: 
But I will find him when he lies afleep, 
And in his ears I’ll holla Mortimer. Shakefpeare. 
HOL'LAND, a celebrated country of Europe, fo called 
from the German word Hold, which fignifies low, hollow, 
or marjhy, whence came the appellation of the Low Coun¬ 
tries. The people were called Dutch, from the German 
Deutfch, or Teutfch ; but Deut/chland denoted the whole ex¬ 
tent of Germany, though of later years it came to be re- 
ftrifted to the land occupied by this people, merely be- 
caufe they fpoke a dialeft of the German language. Its 
aboriginal inhabitants appear to have been the Belgie, 
who were conquered by the Romans in the year before 
Chrift 47. It was afterwards taken poffefllon of by the 
Batavi, from whom the country derived its ancient name 
of Batavia. See the article Geography, vol. viii. p. 373. 
This province, conjointly with Zealand, influenced the 
five contiguous ftates to unite with them in forming a 
compadt for the eftablifhment of their freedom and inde¬ 
pendence j whence, for many ages they affumed the name 
of United Provinces. In the event of the French re¬ 
volution, the provinces, falling under the controul of 
France, were noddled into a new form of government, 
and called the Batavian Republic. But when Napo¬ 
leon Bonaparte affumed the fovereignty over France, and 
determined to make all his brothers kings, he converted 
the Batavian republic into the Kingdom of Holland, 
placing his brother Louis on the new-erected throne. 
This new-fangled kingdom of Louis Bonaparte, how- 
. ever, does not appear to have been eredted upon a very 
ftable foundation. Napoleon I. has already promulgated 
the ambitious defign of uniting if with the empire of 
France; and of carving out a new kingdom for his bro¬ 
ther Louis in Germany and Auftria, formed of territories 
to be pruned away from the Auftrian dominions. In the 
mean time the Englifh, with a powerful fleet and army, 
have attacked the coaft of Holland, taken Flulhing, with 
the whole ifland of Walcheren, invefted Antwerp; and, 
when thefe pages were fent to the prefs, had nearly fub- 
jedted the two new departments of Zealand and Brabant 
to the Britifh arms. What may be the refult of this 
vigorous effort, the wifell politician cannot at prefent de¬ 
cide ; but we beg to certify our numerous readers, that 
we propofe to record the details of it under the article 
United Provinces; to which denomination, in all pro¬ 
bability, the Dutch States will again ultimately return. 
The Batavians are laid to have been a branch of the 
Catti, who inhabited a diftridl on the banks of the Rhine, 
and borders of the Hercynian foreft. Having been obliged 
to abandon their country on account of civil commotions, 
they came to eftablilh themfelves in an ifland, formed by 
the waters of the Rhine and the Wahal or Leek, and 
named their country Batavia, or Betuzoe, from their chief 
or leader Button, the lbn of their king. Thefe people 
ferved in the Roman armies in the quality of auxiliary 
troops; and hiftorians inform us, that fome of them were 
at the battle of Pharfalia. They formed the ordinary guard 
of the emperor Auguftus. The fervices which they ren¬ 
dered Germanicus, in Germany, were fo important, that 
H O L 
the fenate gave them the appellation of brothers. They 
had afterwards a confiderable ffiare in the conqueft cf 
Britain, under Plaucius and Agricola. They ftrengthened 
the party of Galba, and afterwards that of Vitellius ; and 
it was principally to their valour that Julian the Apoftate 
was indebted for the vidtory which he obtained over the 
Germans, near Stralburg. On the decline of the Roman 
empire, the Batavians, or Hollanders, having thrown off 
their yoke, came under the dominion of the Saxons, and 
then of Childeric I. king of France. The Normans and 
Danes were their next mafters, from the time of Charle¬ 
magne, and ravaged the country three times with fire and 
fword. When they were driven out, Charles the Bald, 
emperor and king of France, eredted Holland into a 
county, in the year 863, iq favour of Thierry duke of 
Aquitaine, who, five years after, was alfo made count of 
Zealand, by Louis king of Germany. In .1299, the 
county of Holland devolved to the counts of Hainaut; 
and, in 1436, it fell to Philip, furnamed the Good, duke 
of Burgundy, and afterwards to the emperor Maximi¬ 
lian'; from him it defeended to his grandl’on the emperor 
Charles V. who, notwithftanding his extreme ambition, 
thought proper to refpedt the privileges of the nation. 
His fon and fucceffor was lefs prudent; he wifhed to be 
as ablolute a fovereign in the Low Countries as he was 
in Spain. Not contented with abolilhing all the laws, and 
impofing arbitrary taxes, he refolved to eftablifli the In- 
quifition. The defpotifim of the monarch produced the 
effects which might be expedled. The difeontent of all 
orders brought on a general infurredlion. The principal 
nobles, at the head of whom were the counts Egmont and 
Horn, aflembled at Bruffels, in order to ftate their claims 
to Margaret of Parma, who then governed the Nether¬ 
lands. That princefs communicated their remonftrances 
to the court of Madrid; which lent for anfwer the duke 
of Alva, with a large army, and with orders to compel 
unconditional i’ubmiffion. In the midft of the general 
confternation, one man alone, William of Naflau, prince 
of Orange, thought of taking up arms, w'hile the others 
thought only of tamely fubmitting; yet he had neither 
troops nor money to refill fuch a powerful monarch as 
Philip II. king of Spain. The whole country was in con- 
lequence filled with blood and horror; counts Egmont 
and Horn were ignominiouily executed, and the eftate of 
the prince of Orange was confifcated. 
The prince of Orange, and his brother Louis of Naffau, 
were labouring in the mean while to form alliances for 
the defence of the liberties of their country; but the 
duke of Alva, in 1569, having no enemy to oppole him, 
wafted the country with fire and fword. He entered 
Bruffels in triumph, and let looie his vengeance againft 
all who had in the leaft affifted, or been fuppofed to affift, 
the prince of Orange; and, not contented with this bar¬ 
barity, he projected the fcheme of rendering himfelf de- 
fpotic, by eredling citadels in all the confiderable towns, 
to be garriloned by his foldiers. He began with Amfter- 
dam, in which he laid the foundations of the caftle; and 
he demanded the hundredth part of every man’s eftate to 
be paid for the fupport of the army, befides the tenth of 
all the merchandife, and the twentieth of all immoveables, 
to be annually levied as a Handing revenue. The pro¬ 
vinces refuted to fubmit, and determined to defend their 
property to the laft extremity. In 1571, however, the 
duke of Alva ordered the edidl concerning the new taxes 
to be enforced at Bruflels. The city was inftantly filled 
with confufion; the foldiers feized on the goods of the 
inhabitants by force ; tradefmen locked up their lhops ; 
and the peafants refilled to bring provifions to the market. 
The ftates offered to pay a fubfidy of 2,000,000 of florins' 
annually in lieu of the intended tax; but their offer was 
rejected. The drum beat to arms, and orders were iffued 
to hang all who refufed to comply. The foldiers were 
preparing to obey, when news providentially arrived of 
the furrender of Briel in the ifland of Voorn, to a fqua- 
dron of Hiips of war that had been fitted out by the prince 
