H O R 
Highbury, is a coppice of young trees called Hornfey-wood, 
at the entrance of which is a pnblic-houfe of great relort 
in the fummer-time; for, Handing on an eminence, it af¬ 
fords a delightful profpeft of the neighbouring country. 
The New River winds beautifully through Hornfey. 
HORNSTED'IA,yi in botany, a genus of the clafs 
monandria, order monogynia. The general effential cha¬ 
racters are—Calyx bifid ; corolla with a long filiform tube 
and double border, the exterior three-parted ; neftary tu¬ 
bular j capfuie three-celled, oblong. 
Species, i. Hornftedia feyphus: leaves downy under¬ 
neath. Native of Malacca. 
2. Hornltedia leonurus: leaves glabrous, ciliate. Found 
in the woods of Malacca. 
HORN'WORK, f. A kind of angular fortification. See 
the article Fortification, vol.-vii. p.605.—View with 
care the real fortifications of fome ltrong place, and you 
will get a clearer idea of baltions, half-moons, hornworks, 
See. than all the matters in the world could give you upon 
paper. Cheferfield. 
HORN'WORT,yi in botany. See Ceratophyllum. 
HORN'Y, adj. Made of horn. Refembling horn.—As 
the ferum of the blood is refolvable by a 1'mall heat, a 
greater heat coagulates fo as to turn it horny, like parch¬ 
ment ; but when it is thoroughly putrified, it will no 
longer concrete. Arbuthnot. —Hard as horn ; callous: 
Tyrrheus, the fofter-father of the beaft, 
Then clench’d a hatchet in his horny fill. Dryden. 
HOROCHAYV', a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
Volhynia: thirty two miles fouth-weft of Lucko. 
HORODEK'', a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate 
of Wilna : fixty^eight miles fouth-eaft of Wilna. 
HORODEK'', a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of 
Brzefc : thirty-eight miles ealt of Brzel’c. 
HORODISC ZE, a town of Poland, in the palatinate 
of Lemberg : fixty miles eaft of Lemberg. 
HOROD'LA, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
Belcz, on the Bug: thirty-two miles north of Belcz. 
HORODYSC'ZE, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate 
of Minfk : eight miies fouth-eaft of Minlk. 
HOROG'RAPHY, f. \_horograpkie , Fr. u(a. and 
Gr. to write.] An acc. unt of the hours. 
HOR'OLOGE, f. [Gr. from uqu., an hour, and Aoyo?, a 
defefiption.] An inftrument that Ihows the hour of the day. 
KOROLOG'ICAL, adj. Belonging to any contrivance 
or inftrument for fhowing the hour. 
HOROLOGIOG'RAPHER, /. [Gr. from uga, an hour, 
Tvoyo;, a word, and y^cctpu, to write.] One who conftrufts 
inftru.ments for fhowing the hour. 
HOROLOGIOG'RAPHY, /.' The aft of conftrufting 
inftruments to 1’now the hour. 
HOROLO'GIUM, f. [Latin.] A common name among 
ancient writers for any inftrument or machine for mea- 
furing the hours, as clocks, watches, fun-dials, See. Mo¬ 
dern inventions, and gradual improvements, give birth to 
new terms, and annex meanings to others, totally different 
from what they had originally. All time-meaiurers that 
announced the hour by ftriking on a bell, were called 
clocks ; thus, we read of pocket-clocks, though nothing 
could feem more abfurd than to fuppofe that a clock, ac¬ 
cording to the modern idea, fhouid be carried in the 
pocket. In like manner, all clocks that did not ftrike the 
hour, were called watches, or time-pieces ; and the different 
parts of a lfriking-clock were diftinguilhed by “ the watch 
part,” and “the clock part;” the former meaning that 
part which mealures the time, and the latter the part 
which proclaims the hours, In tire report of fir Ilaac 
Newton to the houfe of commons, anno 1713, relative to 
the longitude-aft, he itates the difficulties of alcertaining 
the longitude by means of a watch ; yet it is obvious, from 
feveral circuinftances, that his remarks were direftly to be 
underftood of a time-piece regulated by a pendulum ; for 
his objeftions are founded on the known properties of the 
pendulum, lorne of which differ elfentially from the pro- 
II O R £87 
perties of the balance and fpring. It is alfo to be remem¬ 
bered, that all the attempts of Huygens for finding the 
longitude were by means of pendulum-clocks that did not 
ftrike the hour ; and conlequently, according to the lan¬ 
guage of the times, were called watches. At prelent fuch 
machines for meafuring time as are fixed in their place ar? 
called clocks, if they ftrike the hour; if they do not ftrike 
the hour, they are called time-pieces ; and when conftrnfted 
with more care, for a more accurate meafure of time, they 
are called regulators. Artilts of late have affefted to call 
fuch watches as were conltrufted for aftronomical and 
nautical oblervations, by the name of time-pieces-, probably 
to intimate that they poffefs the advantages of thole con- 
ftrufted with a pendulum. Mr. John Harril’on firft gave 
the name of time-keeper to his watch, for the performance 
of which he received from parliament the fum of ao,oool. 
For the principles of all fuch machines, lee the following- 
article Horology. 
HOROL'OGY, f [from the Greek a/pa, time or hour, 
and Aoyo?, a difeourfe.] An explanation of the doftrine 
and principles of the meafurement of time ; but, chiefly, of 
the aftion of the various machines uled for that purpofe. 
The heavenly bodies naturally became the original mea- 
furers of time, and their motions gave rife to the prefent 
divifions of it. The fpace which elapfed between the riling 
of the fun and its letting, was called a day, and that be¬ 
tween its letting and rifing a night. Afterwards the day 
and night were divided into twenty-four equal parts called 
hours, the hours into fixty equal parts called minutes, the 
minutes into fixty feconds, Sec. The moment when the 
fun is at the greatell height above the horizon is called 
noon, and the time from one noon to another a Jolar day. 
The inequality of the folar days, and of the hours, occa- 
fioned another divilion of time, by which the year was 
luppofed to be diftributed into 365 equal parts, or days of 
24 equal hours. The time thus divided was called mean 
time-, and that which was naturally divided by the appR-? 
rent courfe of the fun was called true or apparent time. 
The fun-dials which were then in ule indicated true 
time. But, as they could be of no fervice except in the 
day, and when the fun ihone, cltpfydue next came very 
generally into ule, and fo continued till about the tenth 
century; at which time it appears that Archimedes’s very 
ancient dilcovery of toothed wheels began to be applied 
to the mechanical meafuring of time. But neither the 
flow progrefs which the ancients made in the art of mea¬ 
furing time, nor the rapid progrefs of the moderns, need 
excite our wonder. The laple of time could be mealured 
but comparatively, and could ftrike the ienfes only by thp 
revolutions of the heavenly bodies. Altronomy was then 
but imperfeftly known ; inftruments for the required 
obfervations were not invented, and much preliminary 
knowledge was wanting. In thefe latter ages, therefore, 
when men of genius, embued with a proper fund of ma¬ 
thematical and philofophical knowledge, applied them- 
felves to extend the limits of the art of horology, the im¬ 
provements have in courfe been very numerous. It was 
not, however, till the feventeenth century, that two per- 
fons to whom this art is fo much indebted, liourifhed: 
we allude to Huygens and Hooke, of whofe inventions we 
fhall foon have occafion to ipeak. 
As aftronomy gave rife to the art of horology, that art 
has well repaid its parent by conducing greatly to he 
perfefting of iltronomy and navigation; for it is well known 
of what importance a good time-piece is to the obtaining 
of correft refults in celeftial oblervations, not to mention, 
the reftification of the longitude, which it is ftili hoped 
may be obtained by the fame means. The nicety oi thefe 
machines depends chiefly upon the application of rules 
derived from experimental philofophy and the mathema¬ 
tics. The nice hand of the workman will be employed 
in vain, unlels direfted by juft and lcientific rules. The 
man who is ui>acquainteu with the different degrees of 
the condenfation apd diiatati >n of metals, their greater 
o'? lei's tenacity and hardnefs, and hence the means of juft 
compenlation. 
