2gO H O R O 
Cromwell, who it is well known battered down that edi¬ 
fice. This watch is of an octagon form; has no minute- 
hand; a catgut chain; and requires winding up every 
twelve hours. It has no balance-fpring, and feems never 
to have had one. It Units like a hunting-watch, without 
any glafs; the lid and bottom of the cafe, as well as the 
dial-plate, are of fdver, and very neatly engraved with 
pieces of fcripture-hiftory in the centre, and, in the com¬ 
partments, the four evangelifts, and St. Peter, St. Paul, 
Ht. James, and St. Jude. It has no date. 
From various imperfections in the workmanfliip, watches 
did net come into any degree of general requett, till the 
latter end of queen Elizabeth’s reign. Accordingly, in 
Shakefpeare’s Twelfth Night, Malvoiio fays, “ I frown the 
while, ami perchance wind up my watch , or play with fome 
rich jewel.” Again, in the firit edition of Harrington’s 
Orlando Furiofo, printed in 1591, the author is reprelented 
with what feems to be a watch, though the engraving is 
by no means diftinCI, on which is written II tempo pajjh., or 
“ Time flies ” In the third year of James I. a watch was 
found upon Guy Fawkes, which he and Percy had bought 
the day before, “ to try conclufions (fays Stowe) for the 
long and fnort burning of the touchwood, with which he 
had prepared to give fire to the train of powder.” This 
ftiows they were not common, or the circumftance would 
not have been mentioned. But in 1631 Charles I. incor¬ 
porated the clock-makers; and the charter prohibits clocks, 
zua'chcs, and alarms^ from being imported: which fuffici- 
e.ntly proves that they were now more commonly ufed,as 
well as that we had artifts of our own who were expert in 
this branch of bufinefs. About the middle of the feven- 
teenth century, Huygens made his great improvement in 
clock-work, which produced many others from our own 
countrymen, Hooke, Tompion, &c. the lateft of which 
was the introduction of repeating-watches, in the time of 
Charles II. who fent one of the firft of thefe new inven¬ 
tions to Louis XIV, The former of thefe kings was very 
curious with regard to thefe time-meafurers; watchma¬ 
kers, particularly Eaft, ufed to attend whilft he was play¬ 
ing at the mall; a watch being often the ftake. 
As it was in England that watches had their firft rife, 
fo it is here too they have arrived at their greatefl per- 
feftion: witnefs the value put on an Englifli watch in all 
foreign countries, and the vail demand for them. M. 
Savary, in his Diftion. de Commerce, pretends to match 
the French watch-makers againft the Englifh. He afferts, 
“ that, if the Englifh be in any condition to difpute it 
with them, they owe it entirely to the great number of 
French workmen who took fhelter here upon the revoca¬ 
tion of the edifi of Nantes.” He adds, “ that three-fourths 
of the watches made in England, are the work of French¬ 
men.” From what authority he fays this, at the time 
when he wrote, we know not. It is certain the French 
have generally preferred our watches to their own ; info- 
much that, to have them with the more eafe, a number 
of Englifn workmen were invited over in 1719, and efta- 
blifhed with great countenance at Verfailles, under the di- 
reftion of the famous- Mr. Law. But the eftablifhment, 
though every thing promifed well for it, and the French 
watch and clock-makers feemed undone by it, fell to the 
ground in lefs than a year’s time. M. Savary imputes its 
fall entirely to the ftrong prejudice of the French people 
in behalf of the Englifh workmen, and to their knowing 
that the watches did not come from England. But the 
truth is, the workmen fent over, being mod of them men 
of loofe characters, quarrelled with the priefts, infulted the 
mpgiftrates, and were difmified of neceffity. One of the 
Englifli artifts, who eftablifhed a manufactory at Verfailles, 
was Mr. Henry Sully ; and, though he returned to Eng¬ 
land within two years after his firft fettlement, he foon 
after went back and eftablifhed another manufactory at 
St. Germain’s. He publifhed an account of a longitude- 
clock he had invented, in 1726; from which, however, 
his expectations were difappointed; and died in 172.8. 
LOG Y. 
In the year 1698, an aCt palled the parliament of Eng¬ 
land, obliging the makers to put their names on watches, 
left dilcreditable ones might be fold abroad for Englifh, 
Other acts of parliament relating to clocks and watches 
are noticed under Clock, vol.iv. p. 676. 
The invention of pendulum-clocks is difputed by Huy¬ 
gens and Galileo : the former, who has written a volume 
on the fubjeCt, declares it was firft put in practice in the 
year 1657, and the defeription'thereof printed in 1658. 
Becher contends for Galileo; and relates, though at fe- 
cond-hand, the whole hiftory of the invention; adding, 
that one TreilCr, clock-maker to the then father of the 
grand duke of Tufcany, made the firft pendulum-clock at 
Florence, by direction of Galileo Galilei; a pattern of 
which was brought into Holland. The Academy del Ci- 
mento fay exprefsiy, that the application of the pendulum 
to the movement of a clock was firft propofed by Galileo, 
and firft put in prafiice by his fon Vincenzo Galilei, in 
1649. Be the inventor who he will, it is certain the in¬ 
vention never flourifhed till it came into Huj^gens’s hands, 
who infills on it, that if ever Galileo thought of fuch a 
thing, he never brought it to any degree of perfeCIion. 
The firft pendulum-clock made in England was in the year 
166a, by Mr. Fromantil, a Dutchman., 
Amongft the modern clocks, thole of Strafburg and 
Lyons are very eminent for the richnefs of their furniture, 
and the variety of their motions and figures. That of 
Strafburg was the work of Conrad Dafypodius, a mathe¬ 
matician of that city, who lived towards the end of the 
fixteenth century, and who finifhed it about the year 1573. 
It is confidered as the firft in Europe. At any rate there 
is none but that of Lyons which can difpute pre-eminence 
with it, or be compared to it in regard to the variety of 
its effeCls. The face of the bafement of the clock cf Straf¬ 
burg exhibits three dial-plates; one of which is round, 
and confiits of feveral concentric circles; the two interior 
ones of which perform their revolutions in a year, and 
ferve to mark the days of the year, the feftivals, and other 
circumftances of the calendar. The two lateral dial-plates 
are lquare, and ferve to indicate the eclipfes, both of the 
fun and moon. Above the middle dial-plate, and in the 
attic fpace of the bafement, the days of the week are re¬ 
prelented by different divinities, fuppofed to prefide over 
the planets from which their common appellations are de¬ 
rived. The divinity of the current day appears in a car 
rolling over the clouds, and at midnight retires to give 
place to the fucceeding one. Before the bafement is feen 
a globe, borne on the wings of a pelican, around which 
the fun and moon revolved ; and which in that manner 
reprefented the motion of thefe planets ; but this part of 
the machine', as well as feveral others, has been deranged 
for a long time. The ornamented turret, above this bafe¬ 
ment, exhibits chiefly a large dial, in the form of an aftro- 
labe ; which fhows the annual motion of the fun and moon 
through the ecliptic, the hours of the day, &c. The phafes 
of the moon are feen alfo marked out on a particular dial- 
plate above. This clock is remarkable alfo for a confidera- 
ble affemblage of bells, and figures which perform different 
motions. Above the dial-plate laft mentioned, for exam¬ 
ple, the four ages of man are reprefented by fymbolical 
figures : one palfes every quarter of an hour, and marks 
the quarter by ftriking on fmall bells; thefe figures are 
followed by Death, who is expelled by Jelus Chrift rifen 
from the grave; who however permits it to found the hour, 
in order to warn man that time is on the wing. Two 
fmall angels perform movements alfo; one ftriking a bell 
with a feeptre, while the other turns an hour-glafs, at the 
'expiration of an hour. In the laft place, this work was 
decorated with various animals, which emitted founds, 
fimilar to their natural voices ; but nolle of them now re¬ 
main except the cock, which crows immediately before 
the hour ftrikes, firft ftretching out its neck and clapping 
its wings. The voice of this figure however is become 
fb hoai’fe as to be much lefs harmonious th.au the voice of 
that 
