HORO 
that at Lyons, though the latter is attended, in a cor.fi- 
rierable degree, with the lame defect. It is to be regretted 
tjiat a great part of this machine is entirely deranged. It 
would be worthy of the illuftriousi metropolitan chapter 
of Strafburg to caufe it to be repaired : we have heard in¬ 
deed that it has been attempted; but that no artift could 
be found capable of performing it. 
The clock of the cathedral of Lyons is of lefs fize than 
that of Stralburg; but is not inferior to it in the variety 
of its movements; and it has the advantage alfo of being 
in better condition. It is the work of Lippius de Bade, 
and was exceedingly well repaired in the feventeenth cen¬ 
tury by an ingenious clock-maker of Lyons, named Nou- 
riflbn. Like that of Strafburg,- it exhibits, on different 
dial-plates, the annual and diurnal progrefs of the fun and 
moon, the days of the year, their length, and the whole 
calendar, civil as well as ecclefiaftical. The days of the 
wetek are indicated by fymbols more analogous to the 
■ place where the clock is ereded; the hours are announced 
by the crowing of the cock, three times repeated, after it 
has clapped its wings, and made various other movements. 
When the cock lias done crowing, angels appear, -who, 
by linking feveral bells, perform the air of a hymn ; the 
annunciation of the Virgin is reprefented alfo by moving 
figures, and by the defcent of a dove from the clouds ; 
and after this mechanical exhibition, the hour ftrikes. On 
one of the fides of the clock is feen an oval dial-plate, 
where the hours and minutes are indicated' by means of 
an index, which lengthens or contrads itfelf, according to 
the length of the femi-diameter of the elliplis over which 
it moves. 
A very curious clock, the work of Martinot, a celebrated 
clock-maker of the feventeenth century, was to be feen in 
the royal apartments at Verfailles. Before it ltruck the 
hour, two cocks on the corners of a fmall edified crowed 
alternately, clapping their wings; foon after two lateral 
doors of the edifice opened, at which appeared two figures 
bearing cymbals, beat upon by a kind of guards with 
clubs. When thefe figures hail retired, the centre door 
was thrown open, and apedeftal, fupporting an equeftrian 
ftatuc of Louis XIV. iffued from it, while a group of clouds 
leparating gave a paffage to a figure of Fame, which came 
and hovered over the Itatue. An air was then performed 
by bells; after which the two figures re-entered; the two 
guards railed up their clubs, which they had lowered as if 
out of refped for the prefence of the king, and the hour 
was then ftruck. 
The dock of St. Mark’s at Venice was alfo much cele¬ 
brated, but is now entirely out of repair, and probably 
will never be reftored. But in this place we mull not 
omit to mention two clocks, equal perhaps to any of the 
above, and made by Englifh artifts, as a prefent from the 
Eaft-India company to the late emperor of China. The 
clocks we fpeak of are in the form of chariots, in which 
are placed, in a fine attitude, a lady, leaning her right 
hand upon a part of the chariot, under which is a clock 
of curious workmanfhip, little larger than a Ihilling, that 
ftrikes and repeats, and goes eight days. Upon her finger 
fits a bird finely modelled, and fet with diamonds and 
rabies, with its wings expanded in a flying pofture, arid 
adually flutters for a confiderable time on touching a 
diamond button below it; the body of the bird (which 
contains part of the wheels that in a manner give life to 
it) is not the bignefs Of the fixteenth part of an inch. The 
lady holds in her left hand a gold tube not much thicker 
than a large pin, on the top of which is a fmall round box, 
to which a circular ornament fet with diamonds not larger 
than a fixpence is fixed, which goes round near three hours 
in a conftant regular motion. Over the lady’s head, fup- 
ported by a fmall fluted pillar no bigger than a- quill, is a 
double umbrella, under the largeft of which a bell is fixed 
at a confiderable diftance from the clock, and feems to 
have no connection with it; but from which a communi¬ 
cation is fecretiy conveyed to a hammer, that regularly 
itrikes the hour, and repeats the . lame at pleafure by 
LOGY. 291 
touching a diamond button fixed to the clock below. At 
the feet of the lady is a gold dog; before which from the 
point of the chariot are two birds fixed on l'piral fprings; 
the wings and feathers of which are fet with ftones of 
various colours, and appear as if flying away with the 
chariot, which, from another fecrct motion, is contrived 
to run in a ftraight, circular, o'r any other, direction; a 
boy, that lays hold of the chariot behind, feems alfo to 
puih it forward. Above the umbrella are flowers and or¬ 
naments of precious ftones; and it terminates with a fly¬ 
ing dragon fet in the fame manner. The whole is of 
geld, moft curioufly executed, and embelliflied with rubies 
and pearls. 
The watch-trade has been doubled in Europe within 
the laft fifty years. It increafes with the progrefs of civi¬ 
lization, which renders the inllrument which (hows and 
divides time nearly as precious as time itfelf. If we may- 
credit a French commercial agent’s account of the trade 
in the Levant, England, before the interruption of her 
commercial relations with Turkey, ufed to fell annually 
thirty dozen .watches at Salonica, as many in the Morea, 
300 dozen at Conftantinople, 400 dozen at Smyrna, 150 
dozen in Syria, 250 dozen in Egypt. Nineteen out of 
twenty were filver watches; the gold ones are not fo eafily 
fold. The average amount of the whole Englilh watch- 
trade in Turkey was valued at no,oool. fterling annually. 
The Eaft and Weft India trade is very confiderable. 
It is not ealy to conceive how an horologium, or any 
kind of inftrument, cotild point out the various hours, as 
time was computed by the ancient Romans. The time the 
earth takes to revolve once round its axis, or the fpace be¬ 
tween the riling of the fun till its next riling, which makes 
a day and a night divided into 24 equal parts, we call hours. 
Now the Romans divided the day and the night into 14 
hours. Twelve of thefe, from the rifing of the fun to its 
fetting, conftituted their day ; and the other twelve, from 
the fetting of the fun to its rifing, conftituted their night. 
Thus, as the feafons changed, the length of their hours 
rnuft have varied. In winter, the twelve hours of the day 
were lliort, and thole of the night long: in fummer they 
were the reverie. Bow, then, could thefe hours of un¬ 
equal length, and which daily varied, be meafured by an 
inftrument? However, they had two fixed points, mid¬ 
day and midnight, which they called the fixth hour, fo 
that a meridian line would always point out the fixth hour, 
or mid-day. It is .not exactly known when the modern 
Romans changed this method of computing time. 
There can be no doubt, however, but that men of 
fcience among the ancients were acquainted with equal 
hours. Pliny calls them equinoXial hours. Thefe were 
ufed in aftronomical calculations, for computing the length 
of the day in different climates and feafons. In Egypt, 
likewife, the day was divided into unequal hours. Ptolemy 
marks the time of the fame phenomenon, by thefe as well 
as equal hours, to accommodate his writings to the ufage 
of his country. The clock invented by Ctelibius (a cele¬ 
brated mechanic of Alexandria, who lived 136 years be¬ 
fore Chrift) was fo contrived as to lengthen or Ihorten the 
hours. About the thirteenth century, a more regular di- 
vifion of the day into equal hours was introduced into 
Italy. The civil day was made to begin about the dole 
of evening twilight, and 24 equal hours are counted regu¬ 
larly on to the lame time on the following evening. This 
mode is continued in many parts of Germany and Italy 
to this day. The clocks are ulually only numbered to, 
and ftrike, fix, making four revolutions in one day. This 
method is very inconvenient, as noon and the various 
offices of civil life occur perpetually at a different hour, 
fo that a perfon muft confult an almanac to know the 
hour of dinner. The accumulated error which the clocks 
are liable to, from this unfkilful mode of computation, is 
corrected when it amounts to a. quarter of an hour. To 
enable the people to regulate the domeftic concerns, a ca¬ 
lendar is' publithed, which announces, for inftance, that 
from the iGth of February to the 24th, it-wilL.be noon. 
